Immigration and Population Growth Essay Example for Free

Migration and Population Growth Essay Migration is the point at which somebody or individuals move to a nation from another nation. It very well may be because of different purposes like an understudy going for study, getting hitched to a national of another nation or to take up a work. Migration has been known to cause populace development. Populace development is the quantifiable difference in populace in a zone. Migration can be characterized into two that of high talented faculty and that of low gifted work force. Financial effects of movement rely upon the aptitudes of migration. The effects are felt by both the nation from which the individuals are moving from and the nation they are going to. Negative Impacts Immigration and populace development causes shortage of assets. Financial aspects standard definition is the distribution of scant assets among contending closes. Movement and populace development makes the undertaking increasingly troublesome in light of the fact that it make all the more contending closes thus terrible financial result. In different terms if there are more individuals living in a similar land with a similar measure of assets then there will be less assets and land accessible per individual in this way less riches. There is additionally overburdening on the foundation discuss streets, social luxuries like water, medical clinic beds and others. They existing offices can't adapt to the expanding populace development before we put into thought movement (Holzer, 2005). Migration and populace development cause compensation decline, this is because of expanded work flexibly. An expansion in labor flexibly comparative with capital gracefully and flexibly of regular assets will in a free work advertise cause wages to fall. Joblessness is the other significant effect of movement; the nearby inhabitants miss occupations to the workers who go to their nation. These make more danger of joblessness. Deficiency of moderate lodging, this may prompt individuals living from hand to mouth because of expanded typical cost for basic items. It thusly lessens odds of speculations. The vast majority of the pay goes to up keep thus little reserve funds and venture. Natural debasement because of the gigantic populace development results to huge loss of biodiversity and wide spread corruption of the scene. This prompts saltiness of t he soil and topsoil disintegration this effectsly affect the profitability of the country. All these have impacts on the economy in that no individuals can work while hungry and food is a key component of monetary turn of events. Whenever decreased it causes a decrease in the work yield thus on salary of a country (Nilsson, 2005). Positive Impacts Immigration and populace development produce expanded and modest work. Numerous business and open help utilize the abilities and difficult work of outsiders. Migrants may quit worrying about the measure of work they do and cash they are being paid. This builds the profitability of an area in that they work for additional hours and do the sort of occupations the typical regular citizens of a country may not be happy to take. This expanded profitability improves the salary levels of a nation thus the expectations for everyday comforts are expanded. The settlers are paid declined compensation because of immersion of workers in the market thus the expense of creation is low this prompts expanded benefit to the enterprises consequently to the country. Movement expands the economy as far as work request, in this manner making new opening. Migration improves the lifestyle of the occupants of the nation they move to; they complete obligations that are a trouble to the inhabitants like dish washing, cooking, clothing work and some more. Movement of high talented work force fills the work and aptitudes deficiencies. These expansion the efficiency of a nation. The aptitudes likewise improve existing abilities and train others consequently work power of a nation and decreased danger of movement (Rowthorn, 2004). All in all movement and populace development are interrelated and are valuable however they likewise have negative impacts.The benefits relies upon the kind of aptitude moving. References: Holzer, H. J. , (2005): Economic Impacts of Immigration. Recovered on sixth Jan, 2009 from: http://www. urban. organization/UploadedPDF/900908_Holzer_111605. pdf Nilsson, T. , (2005): Negative monetary effects of migration and populace development. Recovered on sixth Jan, 2009 from: http://www. pc. gov. au/__data/resources/pdf_file/0005/9572/sub009. pdf Rowthorn, R. , (2004): The Economic Impact of Immigration. Recovered on sixth Jan, 2009 from: http://www. civitas. organization. uk/pdf/Rowthorn_Immigration. pdf

Archetypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prime examples - Essay Example She stirs up her business demonstrable skill with life care, in that she enriches the principle assignment of thinking about the youngster. This film lays assurance to the financial situation of the worldwide period during that 10-year time span, described by the diminished development of countries’ low expectations for everyday life. Her official choice that conquered the idea of a reception, as she had become connected to the youngster shows how the female figure acknowledges life. The watchers remain valuing the sound choice introduced. They remain censuring her male partner who deserted her at her most critical time (Harold Ramis), a venture financier. In spite of the considerable number of difficulties and obstacles that Wiatt had become through including enduring a mental meltdown, she later reemerges, and all expectations are high when her Baby Food organization deals at millions. With the improvement on the planet economy, ladies administration position has even been progressively hardened as the new financial period ushers happens. The film, The Devil wears Prada of 2006; shows vocation based female force, love, and companionship linkages in complex and at times incomprehensible points of view. Ladies power linkages clarified in the film uncover that females use power adequately to guarantee they are serious in business. They likewise help other ladies advance in their professions. This is clear when Andrea acts faithful to Miranda when she endeavored to caution her against the upset that expected to topple Miranda for a more youthful lady. Be that as it may, love and kinship linkages weaken, as ladies become fruitful experts. Notwithstanding linkage downsides, such films depict confidence and stable ladies figure pictures for youthful females in the workforce (Danya 70). With the high and improved financial measures, there has been upgrade throughout everyday life and therefore in view of westernization, social shades of malice, for example, prostitution and creation of obscene materials have jumped up. In the 2004 American high schooler film, The

Maintaining National Security in a Society

Upkeep of national security has consistently been an issue in a general public that depends on social equality and freedoms (U.S†¦, n.d.). Clarifying further, in the execution of national safety efforts, albeit expected to secure the country or the general public, actually it here and there unavoidably and consequently tend to bind an individual’s rights and freedoms (U.S†¦, n.d.). This circumstance isn't that hard to manage, nonetheless, it involves incredible comprehension with respect to the individuals and extraordinary tolerance with respect to the administration (U.S†¦, n.d.). Let us take the accompanying model, wherein, the measures actualized including common barrier, crisis readiness, hostile to fear mongering, and so forth trigger the â€Å"civil rights and freedoms issues†: Back then the Transportation Security Administration’s rules and guidelines with respect to air travel in the United States were fairly tolerant,  (Transportation.., n.d.). Also, electronic gadgets like phones and PC; nourishment and beverages; cosmetics and individual things; hand to hand fighting, particularly on the off chance that you can show verification that you are heading out to contend; drugs and emergency clinic mechanical assemblies required by the traveler; self-protection things; outdoor supplies; instruments; and so forth might be brought (Transportation.., n.d.). It was so â€Å"relaxed/indulgent/easygoing† that executing limitations right now not to bring so when voyaging caused a few people to feel that their privileges and freedoms were by one way or another disregarded (Transportation.., n.d.). In the event that solitary people would be all the more understanding and patient enough to truly get a handle on that such preventive measures may forestall fear mongering assaults like what happened in September 11 then it would have been greatly improved (Transportation.., n.d.). Notwithstanding that however, protests by certain individuals is ordinary thinking about the adjustments in the standards, in any case, the legislature ought to likewise figure out how to clarify better whatever their guidelines/guidelines are (Transportation.., n.d.). Once more, let’s take for example; for this situation, it was not clarified why certain fluids to be brought were constrained to up to three ounces just (Transportation.., n.d.). References Transportation Security Administration. (n.d.). Allowed and Prohibited Items. Recovered August 22, 2007 from http://www.tsa.gov/explorers/airtravel/denied/allowed precluded items.shtm#0 U.S. Branch of Homeland Security. (n.d.). Country Security. Recovered August 22, 2007 from http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm Â

Education and Philosophy - Free Essay Example

Every person in the world who has the ability to think and ponder over the facts of the world always looks at the simplest things that usually are taken by individuals as they have been in practice since the ancient times. Education is one of such things that the people of modern day world have just taken as an everyday life necessity or as something which is crucial for a person to get so as to make a living for himself and the people that will be associated to him closely afterwards in life. Little do the people understand that there must be a distinct philosophy for each person through which he or she can define what education means to them personal attributes they observed in themselves as a result of adapting that specified philosophy. This essay is my attempt on defining what my personal philosophy of education is and how I, as a teacher, see it or can describe it to others. My personal philosophy of education simple yet I feel it a little difficult to explain it clearly to others. First of all you must understand my notion that education must be something that a person gains with his or her own passion while freeing himself or herself from all the pressures and pre conceived notions of the society and cultures. A person who has always been longing to get to know more about literature or arts will not ever be able to happily learn anything new or any information from the field of maths or sciences if he is forced to do so no matter how useful or interesting it seems to the human mind. I believe that education is something that an individual gets to add more to the previously existing knowledge of what he or she has even be interested in and some parts of what have already had been there in his or her mind. If a person struggles every passing minute of his life just so they can learn something from their degree although they have never been interested in learning that, I will never call it education no matter what prestige is associated to the subject he is learning or whether the institution he has been enrolled in is the best in this world. Education, I believe, is meant to empower people, to enable them to use their creativity and abilities constructively apart from providing them with kno wledge. And any kind of education, which is being forced over the individual, has not this ability to do even one of the above mentioned things hence loses the right to be called as education. As a teacher, I meet every kind of student. Some of them are passionate and happy while the others lack the motivation to even come to the classes. Some love to speak while others, even while being filled with a lot of wisdom dying to come out, are silent because the knowledge they possess is not meant for the classroom they are in. It is important for me as a teacher to help my students realize their personal abilities so that they grow as empowered individuals to be constructive citizens. I want them to be able to speak up for what they feel is right for their temper and be brave enough to for the field of study which they feel interested in no matter how down it is looked upon by the society. The purpose of educating the individual must also include opening up their minds in such a ways that their future vision is clear to them and they are able to work for the betterment of themselves and of others. It is important to me because it will help me play my part as a teacher who suppo rt people and help them make their future. The purpose of education is to increase abilities of people. The curriculum should be based on experiential learning in which learners discover new ideas and ways of doing and creating things through their own experiences. We have to understand that constantly glorifying and teaching the historical achievements of the past over and over again is not of that much use. Instead, new and interesting ways of teaching novel ideas and things can open up a whole new world of inventions no matter how much developed a field is. The curriculum should not have memorizing as its sole objective instead it should only be used a guiding force using which the pupils should be motivated to explore new ways and embark upon whole new avenues of precious pearls of knowledge and wisdom. Teacher should have strong relationship of facilitators. It is an unfortunate event of the modern day world that a teacher has been started to be seen as someone who is always rude and fears kids. The actual idea of a teacher must be the total opposite of what had been prevailing si nce many decades. The teachers duty is to be the most non-judgemental person a student can always look up to and ask questions from without the fear of being looked down upon at or being judged just because of being unaware of a certain thing. Teacher Student should respect and value their students and only then they can demand the respect in return. They should be on such high value or morality that the students take them as their idols and want to become like them in near future. Teachers should be approachable and friendly. They should allow students to share their ideas and grow up as eager learners. The teachers should never discourage children. Seeking to promote the students abilities along with enhancing their willingness towards learning is a very common practice. The best way enhance the interest of students in learning and promoting their willingness to become a better learner is to build an unconventional class room setting where there is an interactive form is discussion. Such type of cla ss rooms have been proved to enhance students mental capabilities and to intrigue their interest in learning more than that done by following old methods of teaching.

Business Research Ethics Essay - 776 Words

Business Research Ethics Over the years unethical business research has changed the way businesses are run. Scandals were happening way too often, so laws and regulations have made adjustments in effort to better prevent the unethical practices. The company, Enron, was a leading reason for some of the changes because it was one of the largest scandals and fastest collapse of an entire corporation. Most individuals that were involved in the fall of Enron have been tried and convicted for their unethical business research conduct. The article, â€Å"The Case Analysis of the Scandal of Enron† by Li Yuhao, describes the unethical behavior involved, the injured parties, the affect from the behavior, and how the unethical behavior could have been†¦show more content†¦The organization, individuals, and society were affected because of the immoral resource behavior between Enron and Arthur Andersen. According to the article by Yuhao (2010), Arthur Andersen, as auditor but also as consultant to Enron, has to be responsible for both managers and shareholders since the provided accounting information has a direct influence on economic benefits of both parties. Clearly, the managers and Arthur Andersen chose betraying the shareholders to maximize their self interests (p. 39). By Enron adjusting and not disclosing full reports to the public and Arthur Andersen shredding reports was total betrayal and negativity affected everyone and anyone that had to do with Enron. Nobody came out as a winner at the end of this scandal. These unethical behaviors are outrageous but they easily could have been avoided. If Enron would have been more worried about their losses, rather than protecting their reputation, this entire situation would have been different. For board of directors in the company, if something seems too good to be true, then it probably is and need to be looked into further. If the executives, accounts, and auditing firm were more loyal to Enron and what the company stood for, rather than only thinking about themselves is another way the scandal could have been avoided.Show MoreRelatedRes 351 Week 2 Business Research Ethics Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Ethics Grace N. Lockhart RES/351 March 20, 2012 Mr. Charles McMahon Research Ethics Webster’s Dictionary defines ethics as â€Å"a set of moral principles: a theory or system of moral values.† (Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2011). Every person has ethics that he or she lives by, but sometimes in the business world many unethical business transactions occur. People do not realize that sometimes the statistics that he or she are fed have been falsified in order to get him or her toRead MoreBusiness Research Ethics Individual Business Research Ethics Res/351917 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Research Ethics Unethical business research happens more often than we think. At times the evidence is clearly there or on the fence. Researchers conclude studies for companies, to find results or outcomes, and report the results to management for a sound decision. However, the problem is some studies or researchers may be basis, but mainly ethics is the issue. My paper is about Bayer the maker of Yasmin and Yaz birth control pills. With all pharmaceutical products, there are side effectsRead MoreBusiness Research Ethics Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesBusiness Research Ethics Lorna Goldsmit RES/351 Week 2 When it comes to ethical or moral codes, companies need to certify that the company as a whole follows the highest standards of moral codes at all times and for all occasions. In addition, having higher moral standards are important and necessary in business, as well as times of investigation. For this essay, I will be reviewing a case where dishonest business examination procedures were performed by a companyRead MoreBusiness Research Ethics Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Research Ethics The goal of corporations when incorporating a logo is to be memorable to the consumer and investor. Companies like Nike, Harley-Davidson, and Apple have an instant appeal to the public with their corporate symbolism. The emblem for Chevron with the blue and red â€Å"v- shaped† stripes in a militaristic badge pattern is recognized worldwide as one of the most famous of the six â€Å"supermajor† oil companies. These six, powerful corporations are sometimes referred to as â€Å"big oil†Read MoreBusiness Ethics Research Paper2018 Words   |  9 PagesInsider Trading By Jennifer Miller Instructor Margie Andrist Business Ethics The purpose of this paper is to review the phenomenon of illegal insider trading in the United States financial securities markets. The analysis section of this paper (a) defines illegal insider trading, (b) explains the enforcement of laws and regulations concerning illegal insider trading, (c) review the pattern of illegal insider trading from 1996 through 2005, and (d) compares the problem of illegal insiderRead MoreCode of ethics serves as the moral compass that directs and guides the integrity, values, and1500 Words   |  6 PagesCode of ethics serves as the moral compass that directs and guides the integrity, values, and beliefs of an organization. A code of ethics clarifies to employees what the company stands for and its expectations for employee conduct (Daft, 2013). A well-written code is a true commitment to responsible business practices in that it outlines specific procedures to handle ethical failures. Within the research enterprise, the code of ethics ensures th at research projects involving human subjects areRead MoreThe Ethics Of An Ethical Officer1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe subject of business ethics, as well as its importance to businesses and organizations. However despite this, there has not been much written on exactly how businesses should be ensuring ethical practices are being implemented. One proposal to help businesses manage the ethical problems and issues that arise with large business was the creation of a role to handle ethical issues and problems that may occur within the organization. That role became what is now known as an ethics officer. The jobRead MoreMan 807_Week 1_Values Ethics Paper: . Worldview On The1630 Words   |  7 PagesMAN 807_Week 1_Values Ethics Paper: Worldview on the Genesis of Values and Ethics Name Institution Abstract Business ethics and values have developed through time and crosswise over orders into a field, which is a standout amongst the most vital subjects in the field of business. For the authentic improvement of business morals, it is vital, to begin with, a meaning of business ethics and values in a worldwide setting (Savage, 2005). The study characterize business ethics and values from an administrativeRead MoreImportance Of Business Ethics On Previous And Current Literature Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesImportance of business ethics in previous and current literature Previous Methodologies used for Studying Business Ethics Majority of the literature reviewed relied heavily on questionnaires and surveys as the chosen methodology. According to Rowley (2014), questionnaires are the â€Å"most widely used means of collecting data† (p. 308). However, when designing a questionnaire or survey researchers should consider the type of questions being used, sensitivity of questions asked, content and lengthRead MoreSales Ethics Is an Oxymoron1567 Words   |  7 PagesIs Sales-Ethics an Oxymoron? Globalization highlighted the ethical issues and concerns for every individual organization, multinational organizational conduct their operations under ethical code of conduct to confine the issues faced by unethical conducts. Many organizations such as pharmaceutical firms, technological firms and financial firms pay more attentions to ethical behavior to ensure the sales to consumers have been impeccably ethical. However managers pay attention to behavioral ethical

Labor Relations - 724 Words

Labor Relations Grand Canyon University: HLT-520 James Webb September 23, 2015 The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) started in July 1935 to protect the rights of employees, rather, they be union or nor-union employees (Pozgar, 2012). The employees are protected under the Act or may employ in bubble-like, rigorous goings-on in situations other than the customary union organizations and cooperative bargaining. The National Labor Relations Board regulates the employers from interfering with the rights of the employees to implement or organize and join with a groups that offers assists with collective bargaining purposes like organization union or joining one (Pozgar, 2012). The employer may not restrain, coerce or stop employees†¦show more content†¦Since employees are continually more progressive and aware of their legal rights and privileges, it is critical for all employers to exercise caution when their employees occupy performance that could be observed as strenuous activity. Patient’s rights come into play during a strike and the patients care is sure to suffer regardless of what is promise by the hospital administration. Failure to provide adequate healthcare services to a patient would be a breach in the provisions and would affect the rights of the patient’s compensations and cause damage to their health (Allabaugh, 2013). Hospital can hire outside agency to cover for the staff that is on strike like nurses. Factors that come into play with hiring outside agency is that the hospital may end up paying more for the replacement and may cause a series of events like low mortality among staff and patients (Allabaugh, 2013). Another factor is with treatment intensity and lower quality of care for patients and hospital readmission causing a decrease in hospital productivity (Allabaugh, 2013). In hiring from outside agency may not be beneficial because it would like hiring a substitute teacher, they only do the minimum duties because they are not fully trained. Patients that need intensive care are more than likely to decline in health do to the substitute not know how to care for the patient. NursesShow MoreRelatedLabor Relations Essays2024 Words   |  9 PagesMG240 DL Labor Relations Research Assignment 1. Define the term â€Å"collective bargaining† and list and describe four issues that are mandatory components of a collective bargaining agreement. Collective bargaining is a process of negotiations between the employer and a group of employees in which terms and conditions of employment are decided. Employees are usually represented in bargaining by a union. The major subjects of bargaining are as follows, compensation, personnel policiesRead MoreTopics in Labor Relations4957 Words   |  20 PagesKey Topics in Labor Relations 26 February 2012 Lynne Treykor Collective bargaining, as its name implies, is achieved when two or more parties come together to make a decision about something. Specifically, it is achieved when employers and a group of employees work together to decide important terms and conditions regarding employment. These terms and conditions include compensation as well as rights and responsibilities of employees, employers, and unions. They can also include guidelinesRead MoreLabor Relations Research Paper2081 Words   |  9 PagesMG420 DL Labor Relations Research Assignment (Arthur Crump) (September 27, 2009) Professor Stroud    1. Define and discuss the term â€Å"collective bargaining.† Include and discuss [showing relevance or applicability] a current web-based news item/magazine article about a real life example of a collective bargaining action. Write a succinct and complete summary on the contents of the article you ve provided along with your critical comments about that article. Support your findings with referencedRead MoreUnderstanding Labor Relations And Collective Bargaining1019 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining In the video, â€Å"Understanding Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining†, Donald Carty, CEO of American Airlines at that time, expresses the disappointment of the many executives in a union environment face in regards to labor costs. Shortly after this video, Mr. Carty had announced executive-retention bonuses and pension protection right after most union members had already voted to accept over $1 billion worth of wage and benefit concessionsRead MoreLabor Relations, Unions, And Safety Issues931 Words   |  4 PagesLabor Relations Due to issues in the past with labor relations, unions were started by employees to help employees and management to work out the differences. These unions helped workers work out issues with management regarding employment conditions, pay, and safety issues, along with the employee’s rights. Because of issues in the past, the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) was created (Youssef, 2013). Thanks to the National Labor Relations Act, many issues were addressed in the past that concernedRead MoreLabor Relations: Collective Bargaining Agreements1588 Words   |  7 Pagescollective bargaining is done among the leaders of labor union and the company’s management that employ the workers for the union. The outcome of the process is known as the collective bargaining agreement, and it also developed the employment rules that are set for several years. The expenses of this representation of employee are paid by the members of the union in form of the dues. The process of colle ctive bargaining might include the employee lockouts or labor strikes if they have trouble in reachingRead MoreThe National Labor Relations Act1462 Words   |  6 Pagesa. National Labor Relations Act The National Labor Relations Act, is occasionally called the Wagner Act, after its primary benefactor, Senator Robert Wagner of New York, conditions and outlines the entitlements of workforces to coordinate and to bargain communally with their superiors through the delegates of their selecting or not to do so. The Act has numerous areas of importance, two of which are: 1) To safeguard that workforces can liberally vote for their individual delegates for collectiveRead MoreThe Role Of The National Labor Relations Act842 Words   |  4 PagesThe National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is a federal government agency, founded by Congress in 1935 (Galiatsos, 2015). The primary responsibility of the NLRB is to administer the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). However, the NLRB takes action to safeguard employees right to organize, and to decide whether to have unions serve as their bargaining representative, with their employer (Galiatsos, 2015). The agency also acts to prevent and rem edy unfair labor practices that are committed byRead MoreEssay on National Labor Relations Act1296 Words   |  6 PagesHistory The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), also known as the Wagner Act, was enacted in Congress in 1935 and became one of the most important legacies of the New Deal. Prior to the passage of the NLRA, employers had been free to spy on, interrogate, discipline, discharge, and blacklist union members. Reversing years of federal opposition, the statute guaranteed the right of employees to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes. The act alsoRead MoreThe National Labor Relations Act ( Nlra )933 Words   |  4 Pagesevery employee. One such law is the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). This law was endorsed in July of 1935 and was modified by both the Taft-Hartley amendment in 1947, and Landrum Griffin amendments in 1959 (George Pozgar, 2012, p, 474). This law is responsible for stopping and relieving unfair labor practices by employers, their agents, and or organizations. The NLRA is independent of the Department of Labor, but entrusted to the National Relations Labor Board (NLB) (Pozgar, 2012, p. 474). To illustrate

Management Accounting Tools And Techniques †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting Tools And Techniques. Answer: Introduction Management Accounting refers to the process to analyze different business costs and operations for the preparation of financial reports, records and financial accounts so that they can aid the managers in the decision making process for achieving the organizational goals and objectives (Hilton and Platt 2013). In other words, management accounting is considered as a backbone of the accounting system of the business organizations. In this situation, it is essential to mention that the main aim of management accounting is to provide the organizational managers with necessary information as this information helps in creating corporate value. In the practice of management accounting, organizational managers use different types of approaches of management accounting for the extraction of necessary information for decision-making process and all these techniques are considered as major tools for the accounting operations of the companies (Ward 2012). Thus, this particular report sheds ligh t on various modern approaches ofmanagement accounting in the business organizations. Moreover, this report also aims in the analysis of the applicability of various modern techniques of management accounting within the business organizations. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the organizational accountants play an integral part in the introduction and implementation of the differentmanagement accounting tools and techniques within the organizations (Parker 2012). This report also covers the roles of accountants in the introduction and implementation of management accounting tools and techniques. Theoretical Framework Theoretical Framework is considered as a major part of any research program as the main objective of this part is to test the relevant theories related with the topic. As per the above discussion, the main aim of this research program is to make an analysis on the various modern techniques of management accounting. There are many techniques of management accounting widely used all over the world. Among all of them, five mostly used management accounting techniques are Activity Based Costing (ABC), Target Costing, Balance Scorecard, Profitability Analysis, Budgeting and Total Quality Management (TQM) (Drury 2013). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that certain similarities are there among these approaches of management accounting along with certain similarities. In case of similarities, the major aspect is the increase of efficiency of the business organizations. It implies that the implementation of these management accounting techniques help the companies in reducing the tot al cost of the companies by reducing the operational expenses. Budgeting is a major modern technique of management accounting that helps in the improvement of the cash flow. Most importantly, all these techniques provide the management of the companies with important business information that aid in the decision-making process (Scott 2015). These are the major similarities. At the same time, there are some major differences among these techniques of management accounting. Differences can be seen between the functions of ABC and target costing. ABC involves in the identification of activities in the organizations so that cost can be assigned to them with sufficient resources and products. At the same time, target costing involves in the determination of life cycle costs of the products for maintaining the quality of the products (Bobryshev et al. 2014). Thus, it can be observed that there are differences. On the other hand, the approaches of balance scorecard and profitability analysis are totally different from each other. Management of the companies use the technique of balance scorecard as a performance metric for the identification and improvement of different internal functions of the businesses in order to get expected external outcome. On the other hand, profitability analysis is the process of analyzing the financial ratios so that the actual fin ancial performance of the companies can be measured along with their growth rate. In this aspect also, difference can be seen between these two techniques of management accounting. After that, it can be observed that budgeting and TQM is two different techniques of management accounting (Bobryshev et al. 2014). Budget refers to the qualitative plan used by the management of the companies for the selection of business activities in future period. At the same time, TQM refers to the continuous process to reduce or eliminate different errors in the process of manufacturing and supply chain management (Hopper and Bui 2016). Hence, the above discussion shows that there are many differences and similarities in the above-mentioned modern approaches of management accounting. For this reason, it is required to analyze and evaluate these techniques along with their applicability. Methodology: Description and Applicability Activity-based Costing (ABC) In this particular organization, the application of ABC can be seen. As per figure 1 in appendix, it can be observed that there are five steps in the process of ABC. The first step involves in the identification of cost activities for the completion of products. It implies that the main aim of this step is to obtain understanding of all the activities needed for the manufacturing the product. The second step is the assignment of overhead costs to the identified activities in step 1 (zkan and Karaibrahimo?lu 2013). Usually, some of the major activities are purchase of materials, running cost of machines and others. The third step involves in the identification of cost drivers for each cost activity. For this reason, it is required to gather cost information. The fourth step involves in the calculation of predetermined overhead rate for each of the cost activities and it needs to be done by dividing the estimated overhead costs. According to figure 1, the last step in ABC is the alloca tion of overhead costs (Tsai et al. 2014). Target Costing Along with ABC, the use of target costing can also be seen in the organization. According to figure 2 in appendix, certain steps involve in the process of target costing in the companies. In the fits step, market research is conducted for determining the need of the customers. After that, based on the market research, the desired selling price is set for the determination of target cost (Cooper 2017). Companies can get target cost by deducting desired profit from the selling price. After the determination of target cost, the focus of this process turns to the design and production of the products. In this process, the managers are required to consider the costs in every level of manufacturing process. Lastly, after the achievement of target cost, the manufacturing and selling process begin. It needs to be mentioned that there is a flow of information in every step of this process that helps the management in the decision-making process (Huang et al. 2012). For the applicability of ta rget costing, organizations are required to follow all these steps. Balance Scorecard Balance Scorecard is considered as another major modern approach of management accounting and it is a major managerial tool for monitoring the performance of the companies. According to figure 3 in appendix, four perspectives can be seen in balance scorecard; they are Financial, Internal Process, Customer and Organizational Capacity. In the financial perspective, organizational managers use to monitor the performance of the companies based on certain financial parameters; they are Return on Investment, Net Profit Margin and others (Taylor and Baines 2012). For this reason, emphasis is provided on the financial information. The next perspective is Internal Process. It is related with the vision of the companies and the customization of the products as per the demand of the customers. For this perspective, the managers are required to put focus on the operations. The next perspective is organizational capacity that is related with the efficiency and innovation of the companies. The las t perspective is customer perspective. In this case, the managers of the companies use to gather customer related information in order to find that whether they are satisfied with the products and services of the companies or not (Kaplan 2012). Profitability Analysis In the modern era of business, Profitability Analysis is considered as one of the major tools of management accounting. It needs to be mentioned that the profitability analysis of the companies solely based on the analysis of various ratios. Different types of ratios can be seen; like profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, debt ratios and efficiency ratios (Dilshad 2013). Ratio analysis provides the management of the companies with different financial information required for decision-making process. Most importantly, the organizational managers become able to compare the financial results of the companies for several years with the help of these ratios. Another major aspect is growth rate. With the help of ratio analysis or profitability analysis, organizational managers can measure the growth of the business. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be seen that the profitability analysis provides the managers with necessary financial information for better decision-making (Medjoud j, Laifa and Aissani 2012). Budget Budget is considered as an important tool in management accounting. With the help of budget, the management of the companies uses to forecast the financial results and financial position of the companies for future period (Hofstede 2012). According to figure 4 in the appendix, it can be observed that there are different types of budget in the companies; they are sales budget, capital budget, SW budget, production budget, material budget, labor budget, overhead budget and cash budget. Thus, it is required for the financial managers of the companies to develop all these budgets so that the actual performance of the companies can be measured against the budgeted figures. Often, it can be seen that the companies face certain difficulties while measuring the actual performance against the budgeted performance. In order to avoid this issue, it is required for the management of the companies to make periodical revisions in the developed budget. On the other hand, the companies can develop s hort-term budget for bringing efficiency (Tudor and Mutiu 2012). Total Quality Management (TQM) TQM is considered as one of the most important modern approaches of management accounting and the main objectuve of this approach is the reduction of the cost of the businesses. In the process of TQM, information technology plays an integral part as it plays an important part in the maintenance of quality of the products. It implies that the process of TQM helps the manufacturing organizations in producing high quality of products with a low cost (Oakland 2014). Major roles of TQM can be seen in the organizations in solving various quality related issues like manufacturing defect, errors in machine, slowness of machines and others. Business organizations can get necessary competitive advantage with the implementation of TQM as it reduces the amount of wastes and increases consistency in the production process. As per figure 5 in the appendix, there are three major aspects of focus on the customers, effective process of planning, effective management process, process of improvement an d total participation (Sallis 2014). Role of the Accountants The accountants of the business organizations have some major responsibilities in the introduction of new tools and techniques of management accounting. It implies that the accountants need to bring and implement some additional aspects before the introduction of the techniques of management accounting. They are discussed below: It is required for the accountants of the companies to implement stewardship accounting. It implies that it is the responsibility of the accountants for designing the framework for cost and financial accounting. It is required to have effective financial regulation for the introduction of new management accounting techniques (Goretzki, Strauss and Weber 2013). In order to implement the new management accounting techniques, there is a need for short-term as well as long-term financial planning. It is the responsibility of the accountants of the companies to do the necessary financial planning for strategic management accounting, formulation of corporate strategy, market research and others (Paulsson 2012). Effective Management Information System (MIS) is required for the effective implementation of various management accounting techniques in the companies. It needs to be mentioned that the accountants of the companies play an integral part in the establishment of MIS in the companies. It is expected to maintain an optimum capital structure for the implementation of different management accounting tools and techniques in the companies. In this particular process, the management accountants of the companies help in raining sufficient amount of funds for the overall benefits of the companies. At the same time, they also have the responsibility to maintain a proper debt and equity mix in the company (Hiebl, Feldbauer-Durstmller and Duller 2013). It needs to be mentioned that the management accountants have a pivotal role to play in the management team of the companies. In addition, the efficiency of the management team is required for the effective implementation of various modern management accounting techniques. Thus, the management accountants have the responsibility in bringing the efficiency of the management. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be seen that the main aim of this reports is the analysis and evaluation of various modern techniques of management accounting. The above discussion shows that there are six major modern techniques of management accounting; they are Activity Based Costing (ABC), Target Costing, Balance Scorecard, Profitability Analysis, Budgeting and Total Quality Management (TQM). The above discussion shows that there techniques of management accounting have both similarities and differences. According to the above discussion, it can be observed that the business organizations can avails major advantages from the implementation of the modern techniques of management accounting. The contribution of the techniques of management accounting can be seen in the fields of strategic cost management and strategic business development. Most importantly, it needs to be mentioned that all these modern techniques of management accounting provide the organizational managers with important financial information for the process of financial as well as strategic decision-making process. It implies that all this information helps in the enhancement of the corporate value of the companies. Thus, as per the above discussion, it can be concluded that the above-discussion supports the provided statement that is the modern techniques of management accounting provide financial information for effective decision-making and enhance the organizational value. References Bobryshev, A.N., Uryadova, T.N., Lyubenkova, E.P., Yakovenko, V.S. and Alekseeva, O.A., 2014. Analytical and management approaches to modeling of the accounting balance sheet.Life Science Journal,11(8), pp.502-506. Cooper, R., 2017.Target costing and value engineering. Routledge. Dilshad, M.N., 2013. Profitability analysis of mergers and acquisitions: an event study approach.Business and economic research,3(1). DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Goretzki, L., Strauss, E. and Weber, J., 2013. An institutional perspective on the changes in management accountants professional role.Management Accounting Research,24(1), pp.41-63. Hiebl, M.R., Feldbauer-Durstmller, B. and Duller, C., 2013. The changing role of management accounting in the transition from a family business to a non-family business.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,9(2), pp.119-154. Hilton, R.W. and Platt, D.E., 2013.Managerial accounting: creating value in a dynamic business environment. McGraw-Hill Education. Hofstede, G.H. ed., 2012.The game of budget control. Routledge. Hopper, T. and Bui, B., 2016. Has management accounting research been critical?.Management Accounting Research,31, pp.10-30. Huang, H.C., Lai, M.C., Kao, M.C. and Chen, Y.C., 2012. Target costing, business model innovation, and firm performance: An empirical analysis of Chinese firms.Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration,29(4), pp.322-335. Kaplan, R.S., 2012. The balanced scorecard: comments on balanced scorecard commentaries.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,8(4), pp.539-545. Medjoudj, R., Laifa, A. and Aissani, D., 2012. Decision making on power customer satisfaction and enterprise profitability analysis using the Analytic Hierarchy Process.International Journal of Production Research,50(17), pp.4793-4805. Oakland, J.S., 2014.Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. zkan, S. and Karaibrahimo?lu, Y.Z., 2013. Activity-based costing approach in the measurement of cost of quality in SMEs: a case study.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(3-4), pp.420-431. Parker, L.D., 2012. Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and relevance.Critical perspectives on accounting,23(1), pp.54-70. Paulsson, G., 2012. The role of management accountants in new public management.Financial Accountability Management,28(4), pp.378-394. Sallis, E., 2014.Total quality management in education. Routledge. Scott, W.R., 2015.Financial accounting theory(Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Prentice Hall. Taylor, J. and Baines, C., 2012. Performance management in UK universities: implementing the Balanced Scorecard.Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management,34(2), pp.111-124. Tiron Tudor, A. and Mutiu, A., 2012. Cash versus accrual accounting in public sector. Tsai, W.H., Yang, C.H., Chang, J.C. and Lee, H.L., 2014. An Activity-Based Costing decision model for life cycle assessment in green building projects.European Journal of Operational Research,238(2), pp.607-619. Ward, K., 2012.Strategic management accounting. Routledge