Public Policy Analysis For Addressing Antibiotic Resistance

Griffin M. Anderson Professor Johnny Holloway Government-210: Political Power and American Public Policy April 17, 2015 Public Policy Analysis for Addressing Antibiotic Resistance INTRODUCTION: It is hard for us to imagine living a country before modern medicine. Just over one hundred years ago, nearly nine out of every 1,000 women who gave birth died from complications, roughly 40 percent from bacterial infections (CDC, 1999). In some U.S. cities and townships as many as 30 percent of infants passed away before they could celebrate their first birthday (Ibid). About one in every nine individuals who contracted a serious skin infection ended up being killed by it, even from something as trivial as an abrasion or a bug bite (Ibid). Pneumonia killed 30 percent of those who came down with it; and meningitis had a kill rate of 70 percent (Editorial Board, 2014). Surgical procedures were shoddy and often resulted in mortality due to bacterial infection (Ibid). However, the landscape was dramatically changed by the development and implementation of a few major medical breakthroughs: improvements in public health, vaccines, and antibiotics (PCAST, 2014). Over the past hundred year s, deaths from infectious diseases declined incredibly and contributed to a substantial increase in life expectancy. Antibiotics, especially, have preserved millions upon millions of lives (Ibid). However, the scene is changing dramatically once again, and not in our favor. Antibiotic resistant bacteriaShow MoreRelatedIndependent Prescribing Case Study6166 Words   |  25 Pagesresponsibility to ensure the item that they select is the most appropriate to meet the needs of the individual patient and that it is safe and effective (Anderson 2002). To achieve maximum effect for Betty, it is important to ensure that the correct antibiotic is prescribed, at the optimal dose and duration. The Health Protection Agency (HPA 2005) offers advice regarding diagnosing UTI, as do authors Hummers-Pradier and Kochen (2002). They both conclude that ‘dipsticks can be used to examine urine’, andRead MoreSelf Medication Practices in a Rural Filipino Community21296 Words   |  86 Pagesby Ibuprofen, both commercial drugs falls under the classification of analgesics and or antipyretic while the third one was amoxicillin an antibiotics. On the aspect of the accuracy of medication usage, paracetamol, Ibuprofen and loperamide were the topmost correctly used. On the other hand, most of the commercial medications incorrectly used were antibiotics wherein amoxicillin was the leading medication that was wrongly used then cotrimoxazole and cephalexin. Fever is the most common illnessesRead MoreUrinary Tractinfection5962 Words   |  24 Pageshospital epidemiology in healthcare settings around the globe. APIC’s members are nurses, epidemiologists, physicians, microbio logists, clinical pathologists, laboratory technologists and public health professionals. APIC advances its mission through education, research, consultation, collaboration, public policy, practice guidance and credentialing. Look for other topics in APIC’s Elimination Guide Series, including: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections Clostridium difficile MediastinitisRead MoreEssay on E Coli and Salmonella in Swine Finishing Barns1889 Words   |  8 Pagesthe survey responses with 88% of barns reporting delivery through feed, 12% through water, and 74% of barns reporting treatment of individual swine with parenteral antimicrobials. Commensal enteric bacteria containing the blaCTX-M cephalosporin resistance gene were detected in a total of 8 barns (16%); 10 E. coli isolates from 5 barns in Ohio, 12 E. coli isolates from 1 barn in Michigan, and 2 Klebsiella pneumonia isolates from 2 barns in Illinois. The prevalence of blaCTX-M samples within positiveRead MoreGlaxosmithkline18561 Words   |  75 Pagesgenerates 85% of GSK’s sales. The five largest selling GSK products are Seretide/Advair for asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); Paxil/Seroxat and Wellbutrin, both antidepression drugs; Avandia/Avadamet for type 2 diabetes; and the antibiotic Augmentin. Each of these drugs generated above  £800 million of sales in 2003. GSK produces a broad range of products of special importance to developing countries, including: Anti-malaria drugs Zentel (albendazole), for de-worming and the preventionRead MoreGenetically Modified Food and Gm Foods4570 Words   |  19 Pagesoptimization that most ac curately characterizes contemporary America. Undoubtedly, it comes with great costs. As it turns out, optimization is a business, and a profitable one. Thus, the costs and effects of optimization are often hidden from the public by industrial leaders in an effort to maintain profits. They control the businesses they run and protect themselves by dumping millions of dollars into politics. Today, it seems that the gap between nature and technology has been breached with theRead MoreScope of Demography8788 Words   |  36 Pages 5. That attention to large populations, often national ones, explains why demographic â€Å"arithmetic† is political. Often, indeed, its practitioners wanted to gauge the health of the body politic and even to point the direction of improvement. Such policy involvement did not become controversial until the 3 twentieth century when controversy arose, first over focusses on migrants and differential fertility in response to the eugenic s movement, and later over research appearing to support the callRead MoreNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 Pagespresident of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical careRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 PagesInsulin-dependent diabetic man who lives on the street may sleep in a shelter. His ability to get adequate rest, exercise, take insulin on a schedule, eat regular meals, or follow a prescribed diet is virtually impossible. How does someone purchase an antibiotic without money? How is a child treated for scabies and lice when there are no bathing facilities? How does an older adult with peripheral vascular disease elevate his legs when he must be out of the shelter at 7am and on the streets all day? Read MoreMergers Acquisitions in Pharma Industry21425 Words   |  86 PagesMarket Scenario ((Projected Pharmaceutical Market, 2004-2009)) 2.2.3 New Product Launches underlie market growth 2.2.5 Key Opportunities 2.2.6 FDI in Indian pharma 2.2.7 Strategy and Trends 2.2.8 Research and Development 2.2.9 SWOT Analysis 2.2.10 Mergers and Acquisitions in Pharma 2.2.11 Good Opportunities for ‘big pharma’ References Chapter Three-Merger between Glaxo Wellcome Smithkline Beecham 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Merger rationale 3.2.1 Rapid advances in Science

Exploring Schizophrenia Essay - 1397 Words

Exploring Schizophrenia A disease that leads to more suicide deaths than AIDS, SIDS, and MS combined is present in one in one hundred people globally. Schizophrenia is prone to lead to long-term disability, unemployment, drug and alcohol abuse, and family trauma. Ten percent of all patients commit suicide. Schizophrenia is an infamous disease attacking the American population. What is schizophrenia, how is it caused, what does it do, and who does it effect? One percent of America has schizophrenia, two million in any given year. Although schizophrenia has the same effect on men and women, men have more noticeable symptoms earlier in their life. For men, symptoms start occurring from their†¦show more content†¦A delusion of reference is when you believe that you are trying to be contacted when really you’re not. A great example of a delusion of reference is believing the TV is talking to you, or that singers are trying to get you a message through their songs. Sometimes, when a patient has schizophrenia, they tell themselves they are sick, thus making themselves sick. The most dangerous delusions are that of grandeur. These lead you to think you have superpowers or a very special person. This leads to many ‘suicides’ among schizophrenics (www.schizophrenia.com). The next sign of schizophrenia and most infamous are the hallucinations. They are like delusions, except they affect the senses. The proper names for these hallucinations are as follows: visual hallucinations (seeing things that aren’t there); auditory hallucinations (hearing things or voices others cannot hear); tactile hallucinations (feeling things that other people can’t feel, or having something touching your skin that other people can’t feel); olfactory hallucinations (smelling things that other people cannot smell, or not smelling the same thing that other people do smell); and gustatory experiences (tasting things that aren’t there). The third and fourth signs of schizophrenia are disorganized speech and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. A nickname for disorganized speech would be ‘word salad.’Show MoreRelated Exploring Schizophrenia Essay1781 Words   |  8 PagesExploring Schizophrenia Schizophrenia which affects approximately 1 percent of the population, usually begins before age 25 and persists throughout life. The illness is a life long debilitating condition for about 40% of patients and is enormously costly in both social and economic terms. Despite the presence of delusions, hallucinations and cognitive impairment which characterize the illness, overall life expectancy is not altered (although there is a significantly increased risk-of suicideRead MoreEssay about Exploring Schizophrenia4194 Words   |  17 PagesExploring Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a cruel disease. The lives of those affected are often chronicles of constricted experiences, muted emotions, missed opportunities, unfulfilled expectations. It leads to a twilight existence, a twentieth-century underground man...It is in fact the single biggest blemish on the face of contemporary American medicine and social services; when the social history of our era is written, the plight of persons with schizophrenia will be recorded as having beenRead MoreExploring the Mental Illness of Schizophrenia Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesMany people have ignored the illness that affects about one percent of the population. Schizophrenia is the mental illness that I’m referring to. Schizophrenia is a psychotic illness which is can be never-ending, severe, and brain distorting. I’ve grown interest in this particular topic for several reasons. One influence came from my interesting aunt. The problem started when I noticed the farfetched information my Aun t relayed to me. â€Å"Hey Aunt, how are you?† I squealed â€Å"I’m not so good, I feelRead MoreSchizophrenia Is A Disabling Brain Disorder858 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a disabling brain disorder that has affected many people throughout history. While having this disorder there is many things that goes through a person’s mind. Many people with Schizophrenia may hear voices that other people don’t hear. Also with this disease they believe other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. With those symptoms this can cause people to become ill and make them withdrawn or extremely agitated. Some other effectsRead MoreWhat is Schizophrenia?985 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is the worst of all mental health disorders because it is many severe disorders all put into one such as mood disorders and psychological disorders. It is a mental health disorder that affects a persons’ reality. When the word Schizophrenia is broken into two, schizo means â€Å"Splità ¢â‚¬  and phrenia means â€Å"mind† (DeWall Myers, 2014, p.562). According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), about 1% of Americans have schizophrenia. Schizophrenia has many different components suchRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On People On A Daily Basis808 Words   |  4 Pagesof understanding schizophrenia; normal is anything that deviates from the socially accepted way of conducting one’s self. The person affected by this disorder is drifting away from reality and, at the same time, drifting away from who they have been their whole life. It has been stated that schizophrenia plays a very large role pertaining to who a person is and how that person’s actions are interpreted by the culture they live in. To contain the context of what schizophrenia is, the textbook definitionRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe term ‘Schizophrenia’ was introduced by Eugene Bleuler in 1908 to describe a set of symptoms previously labelled as dementia praecox. Schizophrenia refers to the splitting of different psychological symptoms within a single personality (Davey, G. 2014). â€Å"Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviour, and other symptoms that cause social or occupational dysfunction. For a diagnosis, symptoms must have been present for six months and include atRead MoreMental Disorder And Its Effects On Schizophrenia1131 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract: Schizophrenia is one type of mental disorder .There are three types of symptoms like positive , negative and cognitive. It creates hallucinations, delusions and interacts to thought process of persons. Though it is a treatable but it affects person’s ability in to reality. There are many factors which affect the schizophrenia like biological factors, psychological factors, sociocultural factors. Among them in biological factors, age and sex highly affected to Schizophrenia. The psychologicalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia980 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a severe brain disorder that disrupts the normal balance of thinking and emotions; thus, sufferers decode reality abnormally. Schizophrenia can result in an amalgamation of delusions, hallucinations (visual or auditory), disordered thinking, chaotic speech, and behavior (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Schizophrenia â€Å"has the highest disability rating (0.53) of all mental illnesses among adults† (Eaton, 2012, p. 19), and as a chronic disorder requires lifetime treatment. The latter serves asRead MoreClinical And Clinical Research Project1344 Words   |  6 Pagescognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. As the clinical symptoms of this disorder emerge during early adulthood, abnormal developmental processes are thought to contribute to the pathos-physiology of the disorder. It was discovered the the DA intervention of the prefrontal cortex undergoes significant change up until adulthood which leads to Finlay’s hypothesis that the abnormal development of this system may be related to the emergence of schizophrenia. Experimental and clinical research

Rational Argument

Question: Choose one of the media articles or case studies listed by the lecturer in Interact. Use the title of the article/case study provided in interact as the title of your essay, so that the lecturer knows which article you are analysing. Undertake further research about your chosen case, to assist you in analysing and discussing it in your essay. Answer: Introduction Information and information resources system should be restricted. To restrict information system a main key element is to secure se information system. This process is controlled with the help of high security concepts. An information system is a process where the major and important informations are transferring from one user to another user. During this transmission time both the user do not want to share this data with third party. So they must maintain a proper communication path by which their information is secured and reliable (Trajkovik Mishev, 2014). There are so many information data which need not to secure as they are not reliable or important. Now a days Security is essential for ICT management system. Several threats and viruses are avoided with the help of the security policies. Security also refers a confidential process for an ICT organization where the important informations are transferred from one system organization to another system organization. The confident ially is a process, by which an information is released only to the authorized parties. Information system needs to be secured during the transmission time in between two systems. An ICT security is process which guides small network securities during a proper data transmission from one system to another system. Finally an ICT security is a critical consideration which maintains the major activities during proper information sharing among two communication systems. Step 1 Security is essential for ICT communication system, which provide a safe data transmission Security is the main challenge faced by organizational information system A security policy generally explains the main mechanism of a security system for a safe data transmission The security of an encryption process is guaranteed by secret keys and never by algorithm keys Cyber crime is a major crime that involves computer network due to poor network security Step 2 Security is a major problem to ICT information system during their data transmission. ICT is the main communication provider which provides important data and information from one channel to another channel. To process this system ICT maintain some protocol to transfer information among their main servers (Rhee, 2003). As communication path is the main transaction path for ICT system so each and every system must provide some data or information which is required during a transmission process. This information system should provide a protection key that the third part cannot able to trace the communication path. So ICT communication system must provide a safe and successful data transmission over internet system by maintain the major security protocols. With the help of these protocols communication system can provide a safe data transmission among their entire system. From the above argument it can be concluded that Security system is the main key which provides a safe transaction p rocess for an ICT communication system. In an organization to process a successful information transaction security is the main challenge faced by the particular organization (Quigley, 2011). In an organizational information system the information structure is the key element for the organization. Human factors are the basic requirements for an information process to make the main communication path among their entire servers. With the help of the human factors the security culture of an information system can be significantly enhanced. The organizational informational structure is totally based on public network or internet system. So security is an essential issue for an organizational information system. To process a safe data transmission some security policies are maintained which cover up the entire security mechanism. Encryption is a process to transform data or information from source to destination (Oppliger, 1998). During this process the third party cannot access data or information. Authentication is a security mechanism which is necessary to check about clients authorization to perform the particular action. This process is used to verify the client and server information or authentication with their basic requirements to perform the particular transmission. So encryption and authentication is the main security mechanism to transform data from one system to another system. Auditing is a server toll to trace the clients address against the security threats. With the help of auditing process all threats of server protocol can be avoided during a successful data transmission. So finally it can be concluded that security policy causes a safe data transmission process (Kocarev, 2012). In an encryption process secret key is the main element to protect the entire encryption process. Encryption among two servers refers the entire data transmission process among them without any overlapping or interference. During an encryption process cryptography is the main algorithm to manage the entire process. So to process a safe and secure data transmission encryption is the main secret key to cover up the security policy. The algorithms are not responsible for a secure encryption. Secret key is the main intermediate term to process a secure encryption (Jahankhani, 2010). Now a days cyber crime is a major crime which involves computers information and the entire network due to poor network security. Generally cyber crime can be protected with the help of strong network security policy (Faber Behnsen, 2013). Network security is an essential part to prevent the entire cyber crime. During an online transmission data are not secure due to poor network, which may cause a hacking process in the network. By managing a strong network it can defend the hacking process. So the network security can prevent the entire cyber crime by maintaining a strong network authentication. Conclusion ICT represent a security management process which describes the risk factors of the entire network management system over the internet system. The report concludes that ICT security system is co operating the policy development process including a strong network authentication. Information sharing will also enhance a critical thinking of the organization including critical infrastructure to prevent the major cyber threats. Public Private Corporation is attached with ICT to secure their network by maintaining their flexibility and rapid information sharing. Encryption is the major security process to enable the security policy during an online data transfer from one channel to another channel (Dunsmore, Brown, Cross Cunningham, 2001). Recommendation To process a safe and secure data transmission among the entire ICT servers the cryptography must maintain some protocol which control entire risk management of the system. The ICT revolutions are driven from global environment to enhance their security policy by maintain a strong network security. Some software is used to secure this network to maintain a successful supply chain. The information is secured with a server key during the data transmission that no other party can access this information. After a successful transaction of data transfer the source and destination can able to retransmit the entire pro0cess without any overlapping or interferences. ICT should develop their web application by organizing a strong secure policy which co-operates the flexibility of information sharing. The operating system should be strong to keep the original data during the communication path from source to desti9nation by providing a strong security mechanism (Chapman Zwicky, 1995) References Chapman, D., Zwicky, E. (1995).Building Internet firewalls. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Associates. Dunsmore, B., Brown, J., Cross, M., Cunningham, S. (2001).Mission critical!. Rockland, MA: Syngress. Faber, E., Behnsen, W. (2013).Secure ICT service provisioning for cloud, mobile and beyond. Wiesbaden: Springer Vieweg. Jahankhani, H. (2010).Handbook of electronic security and digital forensics. New Jersey: World Scientific. Kocarev, L. (2012).ICT Innovations 2011. Berlin: Springer. Oppliger, R. (1998).Internet and Intranet security. Boston: Artech House. Quigley, M. (2011).ICT ethics and security in the 21st century. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Rhee, M. (2003).Internet security. Chichester, West Sussex, England: J. Wiley. Trajkovik, V., Mishev, A. (2014).ICT innovations 2013. Cham: Springer.

Tort of Negligence The Given Circumstances

Question: Describe about the Tort of Negligence for The Given Circumstances. Answer: A. Parties The parties to this case are Tahir as the plaintiff and Helen / Kim as the defendants. Facts of the case The facts, which have given rise to problems with respect to this case, are Jim is a owner of the used care business Helen has been appointed by Jim as an expert on used car to provide appropriate advice about the value and conditions of the used cars to Jim. Jim had bought a vintage car 196 Bentley S2 model on the advice of Helen form an auction Tahir had offered to purchase the car from Jim Jim had informed Tahir that he was not an expert on used vintage cars Jim had informed Tahir that he believed that the car would make a profit of 10000 after minor repair based on Helen report, which stated confidential to the addressee only. It was later discover by Tahir after the purchase , that the car is in significant bad shape and is will not be able to make a profit immediately Legal issue Whether Helen/Jim are liable for the tort of negligent misstatement or not Relevant laws Negligent misstatement: To determine whether the person has made negligent misstatement on not few tests are applied. Fault: there has to be evidence, which shows that the person had negligently or intentionally committed a tortuous Act (Graham 2015) Actual damage: the plaintiff has the burden of proof with respect to the damages or loss suffered by them because of the tortuous act, which took place (West 2015). Duty of care: a individual must have a duty of care towards another person to be held accountable for the tort of negligence. By duty of care, it is means appropriate care, which a reasonable man would have taken in the same, circumstances (Michaud 2013). Breach of duty of care: the individual who had the duty of care towards another had actually breached such duty of care with respect to the other individual. Further, such breach of duty has resulted in loss or damage to the other individual (Van Dam 2013). Remoteness: whether the person who has committed the wrongful act could reasonably foresee the damages, which have been caused because of his actions (Goudkamp 2016) In the case of SHADDOCK ASSOCIATES PTY LTD V PARRAMATTA CITY COUNCIL [1981] HCA 59; 150 CLR 225 with respect to negligent misstatements the court provided with points of test to determine special relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant (Seiner 2014). It has been realized by the defendant that the plaintiff has sought for their professional skills and based on their advice the plaintiff had made a decision which have caused damage or losses to him The information, which has been exchanged by the parties, is related to serious business transactions. It has also been realized by the defendant that it would be reasonable for the plaintiff to rely of the information provided by him, in certain circumstance (Keating 2015). Application: Applying the elements of the tort of negligent misstatement to this case: Duty of care: In the given circunstances, it can clearly be identified that Helen owed a duty of care towards Jim and Tahir with respect to the information provided by her about the old car. As she was an expert on old cars and had been appointed by Jim to give him appropriate advice based on which he purchased or sold the cars. As the car was sold by, Jim to Tahir based on the information provided by Helen, she is automatically owns of duty of care towards Tahir as well. Breach of Duty: In this case the duty of care which was owed by Helen towards both Tahir and Jim with respect to the information provided by her about the old car has been breached, as the information was not correct. Jim based on the wrongful information provided by Helen, sold the car to Tahir and breached the duty of care he owed to his him. It is irrelevant in this case; that the report was subjected to Jim only because Helen had the knowledge that it would be used by him to sell the car Damages: The wrongful information provided by Helen has caused loss to Jim as he had purchased the car with defects. Further loss had been caused to Tahir as he purchased the defective car from Jim, which had no prospect of making immediate profit. Remoteness: it is appropriate in this case with respect to a reasonable man, that the wrong information provided by the expert could have caused losses to the persons who will purchase the car. Conclusion: Jim is liable to be sued by Tahir for negligent misstatement. However Jim can claim such damages from Helen . B. Parties: The parties to this case are Darius who is the plaintiff and Selina who is the defendant: Relevant facts of the case: Selina was a close friend of Darius Selina was asked by Darius to locate a used car which is not crash repaired Selina had a little experience about used cars but she was not a mechanic. Selina had urged Darius to by a second had VW golf car, which was sold by Jim for $5000, as she liked the car very much. Selina had the knowledge that the car had been repaired as the bonnet appeared to be straightened to her when she inspected the car, but she still referred the car to Darius stating that the car was in a very good condition, and even though she did not know Jim assured Darius that Jim would not cheat her. Darius after buying the car on Selinas had discovered that the car had been previously written off, repaired in a very bad way, was in a very bad shape, and is worthless Issue: Whether Selina is liable for the tort of Negligent misstatement against Darius or not Relevant laws To constitute a case of negligent misstatement there has to be information provided by a person relying on which the other party does an act and ultimately suffer loss or damages. In the case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, the court provided that to determine whether the tort of negligence has been committed on not there has to be fore elements which as to be looked into (Keating 2014): The defendant must owe a duty of care to the plaintiff; such duty does not have to be a contractual relation or a legal obligation. The duty of care that the defendant owes to the plaintiff had been intentionally or negligently breached by the defendant. The breach in the duty of care, which has been committed by the defendant, has caused loss or damages to the plaintiff. The defendant could foresee that extent of the damages resulting from the act committed by him. In the case of Hedley Byrne Co v Heller[1963] 3 WLR 101 the court provided that the defendant does not own a duty of care towards the plaintiff if he has suffered a pure economic loss. However if the loss have been caused because of a negligent misstatement made by the defendant than the defendant is liable for the losses suffered him (Sperino 2014). Application: Duty of care: In this case, Selina did not have any legal duty of care with respect to Darius, as she was not a professional mechanic and had only little experience with respect to second hand cares. The tort of negligence does not concern the type of duty, which is present between the parties, it considers whether the duty of care is present or not. In this case, it was the moral obligation of Selina to provide Darius with the knowledge to the best of her abilities with respect to the car bought by him. Thus, a duty of care exists between them (Zipursky 2015). Breach of duty of care: Selina had breached the duty of care and not provided Darius with the knowledge to the best of her abilities with respect to the car bough by him. She had seen the car had been badly repaired while she was inspecting the care and solely because she liked the car, she had urged Darius to buy it. Damages: the information provided by Selina had made Darius purchased the car and subsequently he has discovered that the car was a crashed repair car, which had been written off and was worthless. Remoteness: If the rule of remoteness is applied, in this case it could be determined that any reasonable man would assume in these circumstances that the information provided by Selina could result in the loss suffered by Darius. C. Parties: In this case, the plaintiff is Freya and the defendant is Jim. Relevant Facts: Freya is a mechanic who has been employed by Jim She had been injured in the course of employment while hammering a bolt, which was rusty beneath the vehicle. The injury had caused a permanent injury to her only eye and resulted in permanent blindness. Jim has not provided Freya while in the course of employment with basic safety material like Safety Goggles. Issue: The issue in this case is that whether Freya has claim of negligence against her employer Jim or not. Relevant laws As dissuaded earlier in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, there are four main elements, which constitutes the tort of negligence. These elements are Duty of Care, Breach of Duty of Care, Damages, Remoteness of the Damages caused (Blom 2016). The employer has a duty of care with respect to their employee with respect to providing safe working environments along with appropriate safety materials, which are essential with respect to the job of the employees. This concept of was made wider with the provisions of the case of Anns v Merton London Borough Council[1978] A.C where the court gave a tests to determine the existence of the duty of care this test is called the two stage test or the Anns test. The test indentifies that whether there was a duty of care between the plaintiff and the defendant and why such duty between them is deemed to exist (Iacobucci and Trebilcock 2016). The four elements are widely explained by the following cases. Caparo Industries pIc v Dickman[1990] 2 AC 605 House of Lords provided the Capro test to determin the duty of care with respect to physical injuries (Deakin, Johnston and Markesinis 2012) Vaughan v Menlove(1837) 3 Bing. N.C. 467 provided with the objective test to determine the breach of duty of care (Goudkamp and Ihuoma, 2016). Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital[1969] 1 QB 428 provides the but for test for the purpose of determining the damages caused as a result of breach in duty of care (Eades 2015). The Wagon Mound no 1[1961] AC 388House of Lords provided the test of remoteness to determine the foresee ability of the defendant towards the injury (Barker et al 2015). Application: Duty of care: If the capro test is applied in the given circumstances, it can be concluded that Jim as the employer has a duty of care to provide Safety equipments to his employee Freya for the purpose of her job. Breach of duty of care: If the objective test is applied in, the given circumstances it is can be concluded that Jim had infringed the duty of Care he owed to Freya by not providing her the safety equipments with respect to her job. Damages: it can be determined by Appling the but for test in this case that Freya had suffered permanent damages to her eyes resulting in blindness because of the failure of the employer to provide her with appropriate safety materials for safely doing her job. Foresee ability: If the test of remoteness is applied, in this case any reasonable man could conclude that the damages faced by Freya are a direct result of the breach of duty of care by Jim. Conclusion: Freya is entitled to successfully claim negligence against Jim as gym as breach his duty of cares which has resulted in damages with respect to her eyes. References: Barker, K., Grantham, R. and Swain, W. eds., 2015.Law of Misstatements: 50 Years on from Hedley Byrne v Heller. Bloomsbury Publishing. Blom, J., 2016. Do We Really Need the Anns Test for Duty of Care in Negligence?.Alberta L. Rev.,53, pp.895-1031. Deakin, S.F., Johnston, A. and Markesinis, B.S., 2012.Markesinis and Deakin's tort law. Oxford University Press. Eades, R.W., 2015.Torts Involving Personal Property(Vol. 1). Jury Instructions on Damages in Tort Actions. Geach, N., 2015.Law Express Question and Answer: Tort Law (QA revision guide). Pearson Higher Ed. Goudkamp, J. and Ihuoma, M., 2016. A Tour of the Tort of Negligence. Goudkamp, J., 2016. Reforming English Tort Law: Lessons from Australia.Damages and Compensation Culture: Comparative Essays, Forthcoming. Graham, J.C., 2015. Proof of Negligence.Florida Torts,1. Iacobucci, E.M. and Trebilcock, M.J., 2016. An economic analysis of waiver of tort in negligence actions.University of Toronto Law Journal,66(2), pp.173-196. Keating, G., 2014. Tort Liability as Compensation.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, p.208. Keating, G., 2015. Is Negligence Law Less Objective than We Think.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, p.137. Mendelson, D., 2014.The new law of torts. Oxford University Press. Michaud, H., 2013.Tort Law: Concepts and Applications. Pearson Higher Ed. Seiner, J., 2014. Title VII and Tort Law: A New Perspective.Jotwell: J. Things We Like, p.217. Sperino, S.F., 2014. Tort Label, The.Fla. L. Rev.,66, p.1051. Van Dam, C., 2013.European tort law. OUP Oxford. West, R.L., 2015. Gatsby and Tort.Available at SSRN. Zipursky, B.C., 2015. Reasonableness in and out of Negligence Law.University of Pennsylvania Law Review,163, p.2131.

Build the management

The First step is management dilemma, which is the relation to the environmental stimuli. A manager is interested in the highest output from the business. The second one is elimination of negative symptoms; this is exclusion of conditions that might deteriorate the business.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Build the management-research question hierarchy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A manager must make sure that all employees are satisfied, so that the organization is stable and adjusted. The third step is the correction of problems. This entails communication and cooperation within the company. As managers are in charge and can take a more global look at the business structure, they have to shape the culture and the inner, as well as outer relations with other workers and the public (Inquiring Minds Want to Know—Now!). The fourth part of the hierarchy is the choice that is made in the direction o f the opportunity. A careful consideration of the internal culture and environment are crucial in selecting the right course of action. In the fifth step the right questions and research are instrumental in finding out the company’s needs. In the sixth step the recommended course of action is based on the research findings. This is a personal orientation towards the workings of the company. A chance to try several positions within the organization could allow for a better choice of personnel, with a better set of skills (Jennings, 2010). This would create proper opportunity for people to find out own skills and a place in the company. Also, the basis of the structure will be complimented by employees knowing the trade and having a feeling of ownership and interest. Relevant ethical issues. Penton media is a concept taking its base primarily in general human ethics and applying those rules and guidelines in a business environment. Ethics itself is set of moral principles and laws that govern a just and civilized society (Bradburn 8). Business ethic refers to how people’s morals and fairness are used in agreements and decisions between companies and organizations worldwide. The main idea of business ethics is that it closely correlates with the laws of a society and the kindness of people who make it up and in order for the companies and organizations to flourish, ethics should be a guideline never dismissed from business. Penton media but more importantly the laws that are based on ethical behaviors are needed to regulate the actions of business to prevent illegal issues and chaos of anarchy. If a company is not limited in the way it earns its profits, the selfishness of the financial greed will cause to focus on making the most money the fastest without considering a sensitive balance between nature and ways that humans exploit it for personal gain. The research that was conducted received a response of 97.7 per cent, contacting the advertiseme nt at least once during the year (Inquiring Minds Want to Know—Now!). This made Penton media one of the competing corporations. The key goal of Penton media is to regulate the actions of corporations in relation to the surrounding natural environment, people and society’s laws and rules. Another reason why ethics is the right direction for any business is that honesty will be rewarded and the benefits gained from kindness will be much greater than those of lies and deceit (Bradburn, 2001).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Bradburn, R. (2001). Understanding Business Ethics, London: Thomson Learning. Inquiring Minds Want to Know—Now! (n.d.). Business Research Methods. 1-8. Jennings, M. (2010). Environment Business: Its Legal, Ethical, and Global Environment, Connecticut: South-Western Cengage Learning. This case study on Build the management-research question hierarchy was written and submitted by user Madilynn Andrews to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An essay discussing to which extent economic change during 1789-1939 was a factor in the changing nature of anti-Semitism.

An essay discussing to which extent economic change during 1789-1939 was a factor in the changing nature of anti-Semitism. The modern industrial age brought along with it a whole new school of thought, thought based on science and rationality rather than the waning belief in religion. The social and economic revolution also saw Jews in a new light, one in which they were not merely thought of as Jews, in the religious sense, but viewed now as a people with their own particular inherited characteristics. For this reason hating Jews for their religious beliefs became outdated as a more modern and racially based Jew-hatred took its place.Jew-hatred, in its older form, saw short temporary violence towards Jews. This is stark in contrast to modern anti-Semitism which, with its racial ideology, brought a more structured and sustained attack on the Jewish race. The grounds for this were based on the developed belief by anti-Semites that Jews were "an unwanted intruder, arrogant, skilled and power hungry" (P. Pulzer). A number of political parties with anti-Semitic policies formed during this period highlighting the fact that this new form of Jew-hating had permanent, long-lasting convictions.Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semiti...Before Jewish emancipation Jews were forced to live in ghettoes, secluded from the rest of society. Violence against them was brutal but not permanent enough to produce a reconstruction of the Jewish position in society. As Jews became viewed as a race with undesirable enduring characteristics they became persecuted in a way that sought an permanent end to the Jewish influence in modern day life. This raised a number of potential solutions among anti-Semites that considered the elimination of the Jewish race.The cause of these changes in the nature of anti-Semitism can be related to the economic circumstances during this period; however this was not the only cause of this change. Other factors including the increased value of science, the growth of nationalistic ideas among European...

Brief response Michael Richards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brief response Michael Richards - Essay Example Being a performer with his long experience, he should have known that distractions may occur on such establishments without the motive of the patrons to intentionally create a disturbance. However, Richard reacted to the situation and showed unprofessional attitude during the 2006 November 17 incident at the Laugh Factory. Richard made an appearance on the David Letterman show and made a public apology to Kyle Doss and Frank McBride, another target of the outburst. However, the two did not accept the apology and filed a case against Richard. They felt that what Richard did was not sincere and was forced as a resort to save his career. This may be justifiable since the image created in the mind of the public was that Richard was a racist. With it being on record and with the patrons who witnessed the outburst, the statements he threw to the targets were generally addressed to the black American race and not specifically or individually addressed and it was made in public. Doing public apology on air is much more of an appeal to the audiences and viewers. Because if he is indeed sincere with his apologies, he should have approached and seek the forgiveness of Kyle and the target group in private before appearing on public to make amends to those black Americans who viewed and learned what he did. Richard may have denied that he’s a racist but his actions prove a different story. Just like a â€Å"slip of the tongue†, his opinion about blacks were revealed during his outburst. The way his mind works during that incident showed his low opinion of the black culture. If he indeed has compassion for black people, those offending words should have not left his mouth. Since he is not a dark-colored skin American, and the used the word â€Å"nigger†, he has a lot of explaining to do. As Wyann’s mentioned, their culture much have the right to use the

Cmplaint letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cmplaint letter - Essay Example I then went to my home country to start my process of applying for a graduate school scholarship from the government. In addition, my application to be a non-business degree student in Business school for one semester was approved. Moreover, I was planning to start my GMAT course as full student in Bridge English center as I waited for my official transcript and completion letter to get the scholarship considering the fact that my non-degree course as well as my GMAT course would be catered for. On 11 August 2010, I checked smart system and to my surprise , I learnt that I got an â€Å" I † in Organizational Design, MGMT 4370. This was because my instructor had no grade recorded for the three case studies. However, I had done all the three case studies, two of which she marked and gave back to me. In fact, I have them with me. As for the third case study, we were supposed to have completed and handed it in on the last day of the class, which I did. Unfortunately, I did not make my own copy – I just printed it and handed it in. Attached are all emails, the two case studies that she marked and the transcript. I am aware that she changed the grade later, but she did it so late that I lost the aforementioned opportunities. I now cannot get acceptance in graduate school next spring, owing to a fault that I never committed. I am extremely disappointed! I would greatly appreciate if you would kindly address this

Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Communication - Essay Example It cannot be forgotten that such restrictions are also placed in order to prevent the degradation of women and to discourage materialism. Furthermore, the rationale for these restrictions could be health reasons and to prevent politicians from misusing electoral advertising. Firstly, restrictions are put in place to prevent advertisers from misleading consumers. This means that advertisements are restricted from containing false statements, descriptions, illustrations or claims regarding material facts or characteristics. Furthermore, there are bodies that are charged with acting as a 'controller' to ensure that the restrictions are upheld. For example, the Advertising Standards Authority of the United Kingdom dealt with almost 1,200 cases regarding health, beauty, and slimming products in 2003 alone. This clearly indicates the number of cases regarding false claims will continue to increase if restrictions are not placed on the advertising of slimming products. As such, it is appare nt that restrictions are placed on advertisements in order to prevent advertisements from deluding consumers. Advertisements are also regulated to prevent the degradation of females. Often, the female is used as a mere sex symbol to entice and titillate the male into purchasing a product. Hence, restrictions are placed to control the extent to which a female is used and how she is used. If this is not done, it is likely that the image of the purer sex will be degraded as the people will lose the respect of them due to indecent advertising. In advertisements contained within fashion magazines such as the Vogue, there are at least 20 pictures focused directly on the barely covered breast or cleavage. Not only are these suggestions demeaning to women insinuating that they all just want to wear as little as they can get away with, but they are blatantly unrealistic. Thus, restrictions are placed on advertisements to prevent the extent of such degradation from escalating further. In addi tion to that, advertisements portray women as frivolous creatures that seemingly spend 99% of their time and space dwelling on beauty, sensuality, sex, health and attracting a man. One example is a lipstick advertisement for Revlon. The theme is one of "choices, choices, and choices", how will one ever be able to choose a shade of red that is just right, as if this is the biggest problem confronting a female in a day. Another example is an advertisement by Savvy, a jewelry company whose slogan is "Be Brilliant", depicting unclothed female bodies with an example of their jewelry draped on them. Not only does it remove the humanity in the picture, it gives the impression of women's brilliance radiating only from the stones that they must wear. This clearly impresses upon the public that women are no more than sex symbols. Therefore, such degradation and debasement of females must be kept in check through the various restrictions placed on advertisements. In addition, restrictions are placed on advertisements to discourage materialism.

Problem Question on Negligence and Duty of Care

Problem Question on Negligence and Duty of Care This question is on negligence and it involves the following: duty of care; delictual liability in contractual relationship; duty owed by sellers and designers of a house to purchaser and defective design where there is no danger to health and safety. Prima facie duty of care in the law of tort arises if there is sufficient proximity between the alleged wrong doer and the wronged party, such that the wrong doer might reasonably expect that carelessness may cause damage to the wronged party. Tort law is part of civil law and deals with disputes between private parties unlike property law or contract law which form part of the criminal law. Tort law is to provide restitution from someone who owes a duty of care to another person and can be legally held liable for that injury. Negligence is the most important tort in modern law and it is essentially concerned with compensating people who have suffered damage as a result of the carelessness of others.[1] Negligence concerns breach of a legal duty, with the result that damage is caused to the claimant. Generally negligence protects against three different types of harm: personal injury; damage to property; and economic loss.[2] Tort law also known as the civil law of obligations establishes the circumstances in which a person whose interests have been harmed by another can be compensated through the civil courts.[3] A tort is simply a wrong and tort law is the law of wrong doing or perhaps of wrongs.[4] Sir Percy Winfield, saw negligence as a unifying thread for tort law, and he defined tort law as, ‘’the breach of an obligation imposed by the law’’.[5] This definition aligns both tort and crime. Sir John Salmond defines tort as a, ‘’body of rules establishing specific injuries, uncoordinated by general principles’’.[6] A more recent definition offered by Peter Birks, suggests that a tort is, ‘’the breach of a legal duty which affects the interests of an individual to a degree which the law regards as sufficient to allow that individual to complain on his or her own account rather than as a representative of society as a whole’â€℠¢.[7] Tort law is a collection of causes of action each made up of three main components namely, an interest protected by law, some conduct which the law sanctions and a remedy or sanction by which the interest is protected by the law.[8] In the famous case of Donoghue v Stevenson, Lord Atkin made a ruling which became the corner stone of modern tort law: ‘’the liability for negligence, whether you style it such or treat it as in other systems as a species of ‘culpa’, is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. But acts or omissions which any moral code would censure cannot in a practical world be treated so as to give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief. In this way, rules of law arise which limit the range of complainants and the extent of their remedy. The rule is that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law: you must not injure your neighbour, and the lawyer’s question: who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who then in law is my neighbour? The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions in question’’. [9] Lord Atkin’s neighbour’s test still remains the basis on which civil liability for negligence is measured. This test has undergone some changes but when broken down is found to consist of three elements: duty, breach and damage.[10] The question of liability for negligently constructed buildings has always caused problems. At one time the law was that the tort of negligence did not apply to a builder of defective premises, however, it is clear from case law, that the tort of negligence applies to a builder of defective building, at least where a defect causes physical injury. See Murphy v Brentwood District Council (1991) 1 AC 398. The expression builder is used in the sense of all persons involved in the construction and sale of buildings. This includes developers, builders, sub contractors, architects, surveyors, civil engineers and local authorities.[11] Parliament created a limited form of protection from builders with the Defective Premises Act 1972. Section 1 (1) of the Act relates only to dwelling houses and does not apply to commercial or industrial properties. The Section imposes on builders, sub-contractors, architects and other professional persons a three part duty that the work will be done in a workmanlike manner, proper materials will be used, and the house will be fit for human habitation.[12] Most importantly, the doctrine of privity of contract does not apply and liability is strict in that fault does not have to be proved against the builder and the duty can not be excluded.[13] The main problem with Section 1 (1) of the Act is whether it includes it includes quality defects or is limited to ensuring that the dwelling is fit for human habitation. See Andrews v Schooling (1991) 3 All ER 723 and Bayoumi v Protim Services Limited (1996) EGCS 187. In the 1970’s courts embarked on a massive extension of the builders liability in negligence. The courts created a duty of care imposed on builders and owed to foreseeable victims of their negligence.[14] As the loss to an owner occupier was economic loss, the courts sidestepped the problems this presented by framing the duty in terms of not constructing a building which was a danger to the health and safety of the occupier.[15] However from 1983, the courts started to back slide on the development they had created. The reason for this new development was that the courts frowned at allowing claims for economic loss in negligence action. The courts might also have been influenced by the rising premiums which had to be paid by anyone involved in the construction of buildings. This rise was as a result of successful actions brought under the negligence principle.[16] In the Scottish case of McLeod v Scottish Special Housing Association (1990) SLT 749, the proprietor of a house brought an action for damages against the former owner in respect of deterioration occurring to the steel clad exterior of the house several years after he had purchased the house. The claimant alleged that the deterioration was brought about as a result of design defect on improvement works carried out on the house on behalf of the former owners, before they sold the house. The case of the claimant was based on negligence in respect of the alleged defective design of the improvement works. The claimant further alleged that in the circumstances, it was proper to regard the steel skin and the insulation as separate properties. The defendants argued that the claimants claim was only for economic loss as they did not contend that these conducts had given rise to any health or safety issues to the occupant of the house or any danger to the property other than the house itself. The defendant also argued that there was no contractual term requiring that the property should meet a certain minimum standard of fitness. The Court held inter alia that the builder was liable not only for personal injuries caused by his negligence in the process of building but also for damages actually caused by such negligence to property other than negligently manufactured building, such liability not restricted to circumstances giving rise to a danger to health and safety. The Court further held that there might be circumstances in which for the purpose of the application of the relevant principle of liability, one part of a complex structure might qualify to be treated as other property in relation to another element. However, the Court found in favour of the defendant because the claimant averments of fault and loss were lacking in specification. In D and F Estates Limited v Church Commissioners for England (1988) 2 ALL ER 992, a company of builders under took construction work on a block of flats and then sub contracted the plastering work. Unfortunately, the sub contractor handled the plastering work negligently. Fifteen years later, the plaster became loose and needed replacement. The plaintiffs who were occupying a flat in the block of flats then sued the builders seeking the cost of remedial work that has already been done and the cost of future remedial work. The House of Lords held inter alia that in the absence of a contractual relationship between the parties, the cost of repairing a defect in the structure, which was discovered before the defect had caused personal injury or physical damage to other property, was not recoverable in negligence action. The cost of doing the repairs was economic loss which was not recoverable in a negligence action. The Court further held that if the plaintiff had suffered only economi c damage then such a claim lay only in contract. Damage is only recoverable in tort where a defective product causes damage or injury other than to the defective product. This decision was greeted with much controversy and it led to the introduction of the idea of complex structure. If a building is regarded as a complex structure then, damage to one part of the structure caused by a hidden defect in another part, could be treated as damage to the other property.[17] See Murphy v Brentwood District Council (1990) 2 All ER 908 and Nitrigin Eireann Teoranta v Inco Alloys Ltd (1992) 1 ALL ER 854. In Baxall Securities Limited v Sheard Walshaw Partnership (2002) EWCA Civ 09, the court held that defective gutter was a patent defect and that if the defendant had carried out any reasonable inspection; they would have been able to reveal the problem. This non inspection by Baxall negated the duty of care or at least broke the chain of causation and the architect was found not to be liable. There are all interesting and land mark cases. In McLeod’s case the court established that the builder of a house had a duty of care and therefore was liable for any damage caused by his negligence other than negligently manufactured building. The Court also established that once liability for negligence existed, the liability was not excluded because the person or whose property has been injured purchased the defective article under a contract. In the law of tort, damages are only awarded where a defective product caused damage or injury other than to the defective product itself. This was the basis of the Court’s decision in D and F Estates Limited v Church Commissioners for England. In that case, the plaster was falling off the wall and the plaintiff had only encountered economic loss. However in McLeod v Scottish Special Housing Association, the claimant was claiming that their building was a complex building and that the insulation was not part of the building and that it should be distinguished from other parts of the building. This case is different from other cases in which a structure or part of a structure has been found to be defective without any damage actually occurring to any structure or part of a structure other than the defective part it self. Finally, in my view, I do not see how, the outer skin of a building can be distinguished from other parts of the building such as an insulation system. The claimants made the claim against the defendant as designers of the insulation system, which had been inserted in a pre existing building. The claimants alleged that the insulation had damaged other structures and that it was inappropriate in the circumstances to treat the house as one unit. The insulation was installed before the claimants bought the house and they purchased the house under a contract as one unit. It will be unreal and artificial to subdivide a house in such a way that the outer skin of the building is distinguished from other parts of the building. Usually people enter in to a contract to buy or sell a house as a unit; the fact that he insulation unit or any other unit was put in place later is irrelevant, once it is in place before the contract of sale. More over houses are built piece meal by piece meal over a period of time. Bibliography Cane, P (1996) Tort Law and Economic interests, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford Cane, P (1997) The Anatomy of Tort law, Hart Publishing, Oxford Cooke, J (2007) Law of Tort, Eighth Edition, Pearson, Harlow Dugdale, A.M, Jones, M.A (2007) Clerk and Lindsell on Torts, Second Supplement to the Nineteenth Edition, Sweet and Maxwell, London Elliott, C and Quinn (2007) Tort Law, Sixth Edition, Pearson, Harlow Furmston, M (1986) The Law of Tort, Duckworth, London Harlow, C (2005) Understanding Tort Law, Third Edition, Sweet and Maxwell, London Hepple, Howarth and Matthews (2000) Tort: Cases and Materials, Butterworths, London Howarth, D (1995) Text Book on Tort, Butterworths, London Jones, M (2005) Text Book on Tort, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Pres, Oxford Kidner, R (2006) Case Book on Torts, Oxford University Press, Oxford Murphy, J (2007) Street on Torts, 12th Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1 Footnotes [1] Quinn and Elliott 2007) p.16 [2] Quinn and Elliott 2007) p.16 [3] Harlow (2005) p.1 [4] Harlow (2005) p.1 [5] Harlow (2005) p.1-2 [6] Salmond and Heuston (1992) p.14 citied in Harlow (2005) p.6 [7] Birks (1995) citied in Murphy (2007) p.1 [8] Cane (1997) p.1 [9] (1932) All ER Rep1 [10] Harlow (2005) p.48 [11] Cooke (2007) p.241 [12] See section 1 (1) Defective Premises Act 1972 [13] Cooke (2007) p.242 [14] Cooke (2007) p.243 [15] Cooke (2007) p.243 [16] Cooke (2007) p.243 [17] Cooke (2007) p.244

The Story of an Hour :: Literary Analysis, Kate Chopin

Analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† In her story â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin (1894) uses imagery and descriptive detail to contrast the rich possibilities for which Mrs. Mallard yearns, given the drab reality of her everyday life. Chopin utilizes explicit words to provide the reader a background on Mrs. Mallard’s position. Chopin uses â€Å"She wept at once,† to describe Mrs. Mallard’s emotional reaction once she was told her husband had been â€Å"Killed.† Mrs. Mallard cared for and loved her husband; being married was the only way of life that she knew. Mrs. Mallard had heart trouble, which made it imperative to break the news of her husband’s death, gently. Thus is why Josephine, Mrs. Mallard’s sister, â€Å"told her in broken sentences, veiled hints that revealed in half concealing,† (Chopin, 1894, para. 2). Once she was told the horrible news, Mrs. Mallard was alone in front of her â€Å"open window.† She â€Å"sank into a comfortable armchair,† (Chopin, 1894, para. 4). She was exhausted. Chopin describes Mrs. Mallard’s experience sitting there; she saw the tops of trees; rain in the air; a peddler was crying his wares; the notes of a distant song reached her; and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves. (Chopin, 1894, para. 5) The descriptions involve the senses of seeing and hearing, which allow the reader to imagine what Mrs. Mallard’s experience was. Chopin (1894) â€Å"fearfully, she waited for something to come to her.† As she waited, she felt it coming, but didn’t know what it was. She tried to get up, but wasn’t able. Then she realized that she was â€Å"free, free, free!† Mrs. Mallard was in fear, but then become joyous. â€Å"She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death,† (Chopin, 1894, para. 13). She knew that she would be able to live free, without anyone next her. This was something she had never experienced. Chopin (1894) writes, â€Å"She loved him, sometimes; but often she did not.† As Mrs. Mallard was rejoicing, Josephine was concerned about her sister’s health. Josephine was watching Mrs. Mallard through the â€Å"keyhole.† Asking her to open the door, she declined, stating that she was fine. â€Å"She was drinking in a very elixir of life through that open window,† (Chopin, 1894, para. 18). Being that Josephine was concerned, she got up and opened the door as if she were a â€Å"goddess of Victory.† Chopin (1894) describes how Mrs.

Frostbite Chapter 15

Fifteen I WAS TRYING TO PAINT my toenails the next morning- not easy with such a god-awful hangover- when I heard a knock at the door. Lissa had been gone when I woke up, so I staggered across the room, trying not to ruin my wet nail polish. Opening up the door, I saw one of the hotel staff standing outside with a large box in both arms. He shifted it slightly so that he could peer around and look at me. â€Å"I'm looking for Rose Hathaway.† â€Å"That's me.† I took the box from him. It was big but not all that heavy. With a quick thank-you, I shut the door, wondering if I should have tipped him. Oh well. I sat on the floor with the box. It had no markings on it and was sealed with packing tape. I found a pen and stabbed at the tape. Once I'd hacked off enough, I opened the box and peered inside. It was filled with perfume. There had to be at least thirty little bottles of perfume packed into the box. Some I'd heard of, some I hadn't. They ranged from crazy expensive, movie-star caliber to cheap kinds I'd seen in drugstores. Eternity. Angel. Vanilla Fields. Jade Blossom. Michael Kors. Poison. Hypnotic Poison. Pure Poison. Happy. Light Blue. J?van Musk. Pink Sugar. Vera Wang. One by one, I picked up the boxes, read the descriptions, and then pulled out the bottles for a sniff. I was about halfway through when reality hit. These had to be from Adrian. I didn't know how he'd managed to get all of these delivered to the hotel in such a short amount of time, but money can make almost anything happen. Still, I didn't need the attention of a rich, spoiled Moroi; apparently he hadn't picked up on my signals. Regretfully, I started to place the perfumes back in the box- then stopped. Of course I'd return them†¦but there was no harm in sniffing the rest before I did. Once more, I started pulling out bottle after bottle. Some I just sniffed the cap of; others I sprayed in the air. Serendipity. Dolce & Gabbana. Shalimar. Daisy. Note after note hit me: rose, violet, sandalwood, orange, vanilla, orchid †¦ By the time I was finished, my nose barely worked anymore. All of these had been designed for humans. They had a weaker sense of smell than vampires and even dhampirs, so these scents were extra strong. I had a new appreciation for what Adrian had meant about only a splash of perfume being necessary. If all these bottles were making me dizzy, I could only imagine what a Moroi would smell. The sensory overload wasn't really helping the headache I'd woken up with either. I packed up the perfume for real this time, stopping only when I came to a certain kind that I really liked. I hesitated, holding the little box in my hand. Then, I took the red bottle out and re-sniffed it. It was a crisp, sweet fragrance. There was some kind of fruit- but not a candied or sugary fruit. I racked my brain for a scent I'd once smelled on a girl I knew in my dorm. She'd told me the name. It was like a cherry†¦but sharper. Currant, that's what it was. And here it was in this perfume, mixed with some florals: lily of the valley and others I couldn't identify. Whatever the blend, something about it appealed to me. Sweet- but not too sweet. I read the box, looking for the name. Amor Amor. â€Å"Fitting,† I muttered, seeing how many love problems I seemed to have lately. But I kept the perfume anyway and repacked the rest. Hoisting the box up in my arms, I took it down to the front desk and acquired some packing tape to reseal it. I also got directions to Adrian's room. Apparently, the Ivashkovs practically had their own wing. It wasn't too far from Tasha's room. Feeling like a delivery girl, I walked down the hall and stopped in front of his door. Before I could manage to knock, it opened up, and Adrian stood before me. He looked as surprised as I felt. â€Å"Little dhampir,† he said cordially. â€Å"Didn't expect to see you here.† â€Å"I'm returning these.† I hoisted the box toward him before he could protest. Clumsily, he caught it, staggering a bit in surprise. Once he had a good grip, he took a few steps back and set it on the floor. â€Å"Didn't you like any of them?† he asked. â€Å"You want me to get you some more?† â€Å"Don't send me any more gifts.† â€Å"It isn't a gift. It's a public service. What woman doesn't own perfume?† â€Å"Don't do it again,† I said firmly. Suddenly, a voice behind him asked, â€Å"Rose? Is that you?† I peered beyond him. Lissa. â€Å"What are you doing here?† Between my headache and what I had assumed was some interlude with Christian, I'd blocked her out as best I could this morning. Normally I would have known the instant I approached that she was inside the room. I opened myself up again, letting her shock run into me. She hadn't expected me to show up here. â€Å"What are you doing here?† she asked. â€Å"Ladies, ladies,† he said teasingly. â€Å"No need to fight over me.† I glared. â€Å"We're not. I just want to know what's going on here.† A breath of aftershave hit me, and then I heard a voice behind me: â€Å"Me too.† I jumped. Spinning around, I saw Dimitri standing in the hallway. I had no clue what he was doing in the Ivashkov wing. On his way to Tasha's room, a voice inside me suggested. Dimitri no doubt always expected me to get into all sorts of trouble, but I think seeing Lissa there caught him off guard. He stepped past me and came into the room, looking between the three of us. â€Å"Male and female students aren't supposed to be in each other's rooms.† I knew pointing out that Adrian wasn't technically a student wasn't going to get us out of trouble here. We weren't supposed to be in any guy's room. â€Å"How do you keep doing this?† I asked Adrian, frustrated. â€Å"Do what?† â€Å"Keep making us look bad!† He chuckled. â€Å"You guys are the ones who came here.† â€Å"You shouldn't have let them in,† scolded Dimitri. â€Å"I'm sure you know the rules at St. Vladimir's.† Adrian shrugged. â€Å"Yeah, but I don't have to follow any school's stupid rules.† â€Å"Perhaps not,† said Dimitri coldly. â€Å"But I would have thought you'd still respect those rules.† Adrian rolled his eyes. â€Å"I'm kind of surprised to find you lecturing about underage girls.† I saw the anger kindle in Dimitri's eyes, and for a moment, I thought I might have seen the loss of control I'd teased him about. But he stayed composed, and only his clenched fists showed how angry he was. â€Å"Besides,† continued Adrian, â€Å"nothing sordid was going on. We were just hanging out.† â€Å"If you want to ‘hang out' with young girls, do it at one of the public areas.† I didn't really like Dimitri calling us ‘young girls,' and I kind of felt like he was overreacting here. I also suspected part of his reaction had to do with the fact that I was here. Adrian laughed just then, a weird kind of laugh that made my skin crawl. â€Å"Young girls? Young girls? Sure. Young and old at the same time. They've barely seen anything in life, yet they've already seen too much. One's marked with life, and one's marked with death†¦but they're the ones you're worried about? Worry about yourself, dhampir. Worry about you, and worry about me. We're the ones who are young.† The rest of us just sort of stared. I don't think anyone had expected Adrian to suddenly take an abrupt trip to Crazyville. Adrian was calm and looked perfectly normal again. He turned away and strolled toward the window, glancing casually back at the rest of us as he pulled out his cigarettes. â€Å"You ladies should probably go. He's right. I am a bad influence.† I exchanged looks with Lissa. Hurriedly, we both left and followed Dimitri down the hall toward the lobby. â€Å"That was†¦strange,† I said a couple of minutes later. It was stating the obvious, but, well, someone had to. â€Å"Very,† said Dimitri. He didn't sound angry so much as puzzled. When we reached the lobby, I started to follow Lissa back toward our room, but Dimitri called to me. â€Å"Rose,† he said. â€Å"Can I talk to you?† I felt a sympathetic rush of feeling from Lissa. I turned toward Dimitri and stepped off to the side of the room, out of the way of those passing through. A party of Moroi in diamonds and fur swept past us, anxious looks on their faces. Bellhops followed with luggage. People were still leaving in search of safer places. The Strigoi paranoia was far from over. Dimitri's voice snapped my attention back to him. â€Å"That's Adrian Ivashkov.† He said the name the same way everyone else did. â€Å"Yeah, I know.† â€Å"This is the second time I've seen you with him.† â€Å"Yeah,† I replied glibly. â€Å"We hang out sometimes.† Dimitri arched an eyebrow, then jerked his head back toward where we'd come from. â€Å"You hang out in his room a lot?† Several retorts popped into my head, and then a golden one took precedence. â€Å"What happens between him and me is none of your business.† I managed a tone very similar to the one he'd used on me when making a similar comment about him and Tasha. â€Å"Actually, as long as you're at the Academy, what you do is my business.† â€Å"Not my personal life. You don't have any say in that.† â€Å"You're not an adult yet.† â€Å"I'm close enough. Besides, it's not like I'll magically become an adult on my eighteenth birthday.† â€Å"Clearly,† he said. I blushed. â€Å"That's not what I meant. I meant- â€Å" â€Å"I know what you meant. And the technicalities don't matter right now. You're an Academy student. I'm your instructor. It's my job to help you and to keep you safe. Being in the bedroom of someone like him †¦ well, that's not safe.† â€Å"I can handle Adrian Ivashkov,† I muttered. â€Å"He's weird- really weird, apparently- but harmless.† I secretly wondered if Dimitri's problem might be that he was jealous. He hadn't pulled Lissa aside to yell at her. The thought made me slightly happy, but then I remembered my earlier curiosity about why Dimitri had even wandered by. â€Å"Speaking of personal lives †¦ I suppose you were off visiting Tasha, huh?† I knew it was petty, and I expected a â€Å"none of your business† response. Instead he replied, â€Å"Actually, I was visiting your mother.† â€Å"You going to hook up with her too?† I knew of course that he wasn't, but the quip seemed too good to pass up. He seemed to know that too and merely gave me a weary glance. â€Å"No, we were looking over some new data about the Strigoi in the Drozdov attack.† My anger and snarkiness dried up. The Drozdovs. The Badicas. Suddenly, everything that had happened this morning seemed incredibly trivial. How could I have stood there arguing with Dimitri about romances that might or might not be happening when he and the other guardians were trying to protect us? â€Å"What'd you find out?† I asked quietly. â€Å"We've managed to track some of the Strigoi,† he said. â€Å"Or at least the humans with them. There were witnesses who lived nearby who spotted a few of the cars the group used. The plates were all from different states- the group appears to have split up, probably to make it harder for us. But one of the witnesses did catch one plate number. It's registered to an address in Spokane.† â€Å"Spokane?† I asked incredulously. â€Å"Spokane, Washington? Who makes Spokane their hideout?† I'd been there once. It was about as boring as every other backwoods northwest city. â€Å"Strigoi, apparently,† he said, deadpan. â€Å"The address was fake, but other evidence shows they really are there. There's a kind of shopping plaza that has some underground tunnels. There've been Strigoi sightings around that area.† â€Å"Then †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I frowned. â€Å"Are you going to go after them? Is somebody going to? I mean, this is what Tasha's been saying all along†¦. If we know where they are †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He shook his head. â€Å"The guardians can't do anything without permission from higher up. That's not going to happen anytime soon.† I sighed. â€Å"Because the Moroi talk too much.† â€Å"They're being cautious,† he said. I felt myself getting worked up again. â€Å"Come on. Even you can't want to be careful on this one. You actually know where Strigoi are hiding out. Strigoi who massacred children. Don't you want to go after them when they don't expect it?† I sounded like Mason now. â€Å"It's not that easy,† he said. â€Å"We answer to the Guardian Council and the Moroi government. We can't just run off and act on impulse. And anyway, we don't know everything yet. You should never walk into any situation without knowing all the details.† â€Å"Zen life lessons again,† I sighed. I ran a hand through my hair, tucking it behind my ears. â€Å"Why'd you tell me this, anyway? This is guardian stuff. Not the kind of thing you let novices in on.† He considered his words, and his expression softened. He always looked amazing, but I liked him best like this. â€Å"I've said a few things†¦the other day and today†¦that I shouldn't have. Things that insulted your age. You're seventeen†¦but you're capable of handling and processing the same things those much older than you do.† My chest grew light and fluttery. â€Å"Really?† He nodded. â€Å"You're still really young in a lot of ways- and act young- but the only way to really change that is to treat you like an adult. I need to do that more. I know you'll take this information and understand how important it is and keep it to yourself.† I didn't love being told I acted young, but I liked the idea that he would talk to me like an equal. â€Å"Dimka,† came a voice. Tasha Ozera walked up to us. She smiled when she saw me. â€Å"Hello, Rose.† There went my mood. â€Å"Hey,† I said flatly. She placed a hand on Dimitri's forearm, sliding her fingers over the leather of his coat. I eyed those fingers angrily. How dare they touch him? â€Å"You've got that look,† she told him. â€Å"What look?† he asked. The stern look he'd worn with me vanished. There was a small, knowing smile on his lips. Almost a playful one. â€Å"That look that says you're going to be on duty all day.† â€Å"Really? I have a look like that?† There was a teasing, mocking tone to his voice. She nodded. â€Å"When does your shift technically end?† Dimitri actually looked- I swear- sheepish. â€Å"An hour ago.† â€Å"You can't keep doing this,† she groaned. â€Å"You need a break.† â€Å"Well †¦ if you consider that I'm always Lissa's guardian†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"For now,† she said knowingly. I felt sicker than I had last night. â€Å"There's a big pool tournament going on upstairs.† â€Å"I can't,† he said, but the smile was still on his face. â€Å"Even though I haven't played in a long time †¦Ã¢â‚¬  What the- ? Dimitri played pool? Suddenly, it didn't matter that we'd just had a discussion about him treating me like an adult. Some small part of me did know what a compliment that was- but the rest of me wanted him to treat me like he did Tasha. Playful. Teasing. Casual. They were so familiar with each other, so completely at ease. â€Å"Come on, then,† she begged. â€Å"Just one round! We could take them all.† â€Å"I can't,† he repeated. He sounded regretful. â€Å"Not with everything going on.† She sobered a little. â€Å"No. I suppose not.† Glancing at me, she said teasingly, â€Å"I hope you realize what a hard-core role model you have here. He's never off duty.† â€Å"Well,† I said, copying her lilting tone from earlier, â€Å"for now, at least.† Tasha looked puzzled. I don't think it occurred to her I'd be making fun of her. Dimitri's dark look told me he knew exactly what I was doing. I immediately realized I'd just killed whatever progress I'd made as an adult. â€Å"We're finished here, Rose. Remember what I said.† â€Å"Yeah,† I said, turning away. I suddenly wanted to go to my room and veg for a while. This day was making me tired already. â€Å"Definitely.† I hadn't gotten far when I ran into Mason. Good God. Men everywhere. â€Å"You're mad,† he said as soon as he looked at my face. He had a knack for discovering my moods. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"Some †¦ authority problems. It's been a weird morning.† I sighed, unable to get Dimitri off the brain. Looking at Mason, I remembered how I'd been convinced I wanted to get serious with him last night. I was a head case. I couldn't make up my mind about anyone. Deciding the best way to banish one guy was to pay attention to another, I grabbed Mason's hand and steered him away. â€Å"Come on. Wasn't the deal to go somewhere†¦um, private today?† â€Å"I figured you weren't drunk anymore,† he joked. But his eyes looked very, very serious. And interested. â€Å"I assumed it was all off.† â€Å"Hey, I stand by my claims, no matter what.† Opening my mind, I searched for Lissa. She was no longer in our room. She'd gone off to some other royal event, no doubt still practicing for Priscilla Voda's big dinner. â€Å"Come on,† I told Mason. â€Å"We'll go to my room.† Aside from when Dimitri inconveniently happened to be passing by someone's room, nobody was really enforcing the mixed-gender rule. It was practically like being back in my Academy dorms. As Mason and I went upstairs, I related to him what Dimitri had told me about the Strigoi in Spokane. Dimitri had told me to keep it to myself, but I was mad at him again, and I didn't see any harm in telling Mason. I knew he'd be interested in this. I was right. Mason got really worked up. â€Å"What?† he exclaimed as we walked into my room. â€Å"They're not doing anything?† I shrugged and sat on my bed. â€Å"Dimitri said- â€Å" â€Å"I know, I know †¦ I heard you. About being careful and all that.† Mason paced around my room angrily. â€Å"But if those Strigoi go after another Moroi†¦another family†¦damn it! They're going to wish they weren't so careful then.† â€Å"Forget about it,† I said. I felt kind of miffed that me on a bed wasn't enough to deter him from crazy battle plans. â€Å"There's nothing we can do.† He stopped walking. â€Å"We could go.† â€Å"Go where?† I asked stupidly. â€Å"To Spokane. There are buses you can catch in town.† â€Å"I †¦ wait. You want us to go to Spokane and take on Strigoi?† â€Å"Sure. Eddie'd do it too †¦ we could go to that mall. They wouldn't be organized or anything, so we could wait and pick them off one by one †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I could only stare. â€Å"When did you get so dumb?† â€Å"Oh, I see. Thanks for the vote of confidence.† â€Å"It's not about confidence,† I argued, standing up and approaching him. â€Å"You kick major ass. I've seen it. But this †¦ this isn't the way. We can't go get Eddie and take on Strigoi. We need more people. More planning. More information.† I rested my hands on his chest. He placed his over them and smiled. The fire of battle was still in his eyes, but I could tell his mind was shifting to more immediate concerns. Like me. â€Å"I didn't mean to call you dumb,† I told him. â€Å"I'm sorry.† â€Å"You're just saying that now because you want to have your way with me.† â€Å"Of course I am,† I laughed, happy to see him relax. The nature of this conversation reminded me a little of the one Christian and Lissa had had in the chapel. â€Å"Well,† he said, â€Å"I don't think I'm going to be too hard to take advantage of.† â€Å"Good. Because there are lots of things I want to do.† I slid my hands up and around his neck. His skin was warm beneath my fingers, and I remembered how much I'd enjoyed kissing him last night. Suddenly, out of nowhere, he said, â€Å"You really are his student.† â€Å"Whose?† â€Å"Belikov's. I was just thinking about when you mentioned needing more information and stuff. You act just like him. You've gotten all serious since you've been hanging out with him.† â€Å"No, I haven't.† Mason had pulled me closer, but now I suddenly didn't feel so romantic. I'd wanted to make out and forget Dimitri for a while, not have a conversation about him. Where had this come from? Mason was supposed to be distracting me. He didn't notice anything was wrong. â€Å"You've just changed, that's all. It's not bad †¦ just different.† Something about that made me angry, but before I could snap back, his mouth met mine in a kiss. Reasonable discussions sort of vanished. A bit of that dark temper started to rise in me, but I simply channeled that intensity into physicality as Mason and I fell on top of each other. I yanked him down on the bed, managing to do so without stopping the kissing. I was nothing if not a multitasker. I dug my nails into his back while his hands slid up the back of my neck and released the ponytail I'd just made minutes ago. Running his fingers through the unbound hair, he shifted his mouth down and kissed my neck. â€Å"You are †¦ amazing,† he told me. And I could tell that he meant it. His whole face glowed with affection for me. I arched upward, letting his lips press harder against my skin while his hands slipped under the bottom of my shirt. They trailed upward along my stomach, just barely tracing the edge of my bra. Considering we'd just been having an argument a minute ago, I was surprised to see things escalating so quickly. Honestly, though †¦ I didn't mind. This was the way I lived my life. Everything was always fast and intense with me. The night Dimitri and I had fallen victim to Victor Dashkov's lust charm, there'd been some pretty furious passion going on too. Dimitri had controlled it, though, so sometimes we'd taken things slowly†¦and that had been wonderful in its own way. But most of the time, we hadn't been able to hold ourselves back. I could feel it all over again. The ways his hands had run over my body. The deep, powerful kisses. It was then that I realized something. I was kissing Mason, but in my head, I was with Dimitri. And it wasn't like I was simply remembering either. I was actually imagining I was with Dimitri- right now- reliving that night all over again. With my eyes closed, it was easy to pretend. But when I opened them and saw Mason's eyes, I knew he was with me. He adored me and had wanted me for a long time. For me to do this †¦ to be with him and pretend I was with someone else †¦ It wasn't right. I wiggled out of his reach. â€Å"No †¦ don't.† Mason stopped immediately because that's the kind of guy he was. â€Å"Too much?† he asked. I nodded. â€Å"That's okay. We don't have to do that.† He reached for me again, and I moved farther away. â€Å"No, I just don't†¦ I don't know. Let's call it quits, okay?† â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He was speechless for a moment. â€Å"What happened to the ‘lots of things' you wanted to do?† Yeah †¦ it looked pretty bad, but what could I say? I can't get physical with you because when I do, I just think about the other guy I actually want. You're just a stand-in. I swallowed, feeling stupid. â€Å"I'm sorry, Mase. I just can't.† He sat up and ran a hand over his hair. â€Å"Okay. All right.† I could hear the hardness in his voice. â€Å"You're mad.† He glanced over at me, a stormy expression on his face. â€Å"I'm just confused. I can't read your signals. One moment you're hot, the next you're cold. You tell me you want me, you tell me you don't. If you picked one, that'd be fine, but you keep making me think one thing and then you end up going in a completely different direction. Not just now- all the time.† It was true. I had gone back and forth with him. Sometimes I was flirty, other times I completely ignored him. â€Å"Is there something you want me to do?† he asked when I didn't say anything. â€Å"Something that'll†¦ I don't know. Make you feel better about me?† â€Å"I don't know,† I said weakly. He sighed. â€Å"Then what do you want in general?† Dimitri, I thought. Instead, I repeated myself. â€Å"I don't know.† With a groan, he stood up and headed for the door. â€Å"Rose, for someone who claims she wants to gather as much information as possible, you really have a lot to learn about yourself.† The door slammed behind him. The noise made me flinch, and as I stared at where Mason had just stood, I realized he was right. I did have a lot to learn.

History of the 1948 Olympic Games in London

History of the 1948 Olympic Games in London Since the Olympic Games had not been held in either 1940 or 1944 because of World War II, there was much debate as to whether or not to hold the 1948 Olympic Games at all. Ultimately, the 1948 Olympic Games (also known as the XIV Olympiad) were held, with a few post-war modifications, from July 28 to August 14, 1948. These Austerity Games turned out to be very popular and a great success.   Fast Facts Official Who Opened the Games:  British King George VIPerson Who Lit the Olympic Flame:  British runner  John MarkNumber of Athletes:  4,104 (390 women, 3,714 men)Number of Countries:  59 countriesNumber of Events:  136 Post-War Modifications When it was announced that  the Olympic Games would be resumed, many debated whether it was wise to have a festival when many European countries were in ruins and the people near starvation. To limit the United Kingdoms responsibility to feed all the athletes, it was agreed that the participants would bring their own food. Surplus food was donated to British hospitals. No new facilities were built for these Games, but the Wembley Stadium had survived the war and proved adequate. No Olympic Village was erected; the male athletes were housed at an army camp in Uxbridge and the women housed at Southlands College in dormitories. Missing Countries Germany and Japan, the aggressors of World War II, were not invited to participate. The Soviet Union, although invited, also did not attend. Two New Items The 1948 Olympics saw the introduction of blocks, which are used to help start runners in sprint races. Also new was the very first, Olympic, indoor pool Empire Pool. Amazing Stories Badmouthed because of her older age (she was 30) and because she was a mother (of two young children), Dutch sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen was determined to win a gold medal. She had participated in the 1936 Olympics, but the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Olympics meant that she had to wait 12 more years to get another shot at winning.  Blankers-Koen, often called the Flying Housewife or the Flying Dutchman, showed them all when she took home  four  gold medals, the first woman to do so. On the other side of the age-spectrum was 17-year-old Bob Mathias. When his high school coach had suggested he try out for the Olympics in the decathlon, Mathias didnt even know what that event was. Four months after starting training for it, Mathias won gold at the 1948 Olympics, becoming the youngest person to win a mens athletics event. (As of 2015, Mathias still holds that title.) One Major Snafu There was one major snafu at the Games. Though the United States had won the 400-meter relay by a full 18 feet, a judge ruled that one of the U.S. team members had passed the baton outside of the passing zone. Thus, the U.S. team was disqualified. The medals were handed out, the national anthems were played. The United States officially protested the ruling and after careful review of the films and photographs taken of the baton pass, the judges decided that the pass had been completely legal; thus the United States team was the real winner. The British team had to give up their gold medals and received silver medals (which had been given up by the Italian team). The Italian team then received the bronze medals which had been given up by the Hungarian team.

Bharati Mukherjee essays

Bharati Mukherjee essays Bharati Mukherjee was born on July 27, 1940 in Calcutta, India. (Pradhan ) She was born into a wealthy family, which assisted her in her dream of becoming a writer. She lived in India, Europe, the United States, and Canada. Migrating to these countries that are so different from her place of birth enabled her to write very powerful novels on immigrant experiences. Mukherjees novels focus on exploring the migration and the feeling of alienation that is experienced by these immigrants. (Pradhan) Her works have explored such themes as isolation, sexism, discrimination, the mistreatment of Indian women, and exploring identities. In Bharati Mukherjees novel Jasmine, the character shows some similarities to the author, but there are many differences. Both were born in India, but Jasmine was not born into wealth. Jasmine does not have the same resources as Bharati, so it is harder for her to leave her home and to migrate to the United States. One of the similarities between Jasmine and the author is their drive to go after what they want and to not stop until they get it. Bharatis drive is to become a writer, and Jasmines is to go to the United States. Another similarity is their struggle to find their identity when they migrate to the United States. This is one of the major themes in Jasmine. One important aspect about the novel Jasmine is that it is not written in chronological order. The novel is written as though the main character is remembering events out of sequence. The author employed this method of writing quite efficiently. It was not entirely confusing and it set a mood of anticipation of what is to come. The novel starts out when Jasmine is a young girl in India. She is consulting an astrologer who tells her that bad times are on the way. Then all of a sudden she is 24-years-old and living in Iowa. The author leaves years of the main characters to the imagination until later on in the novel. Her...

Hospitality Industry. Marriott International, Inc Assignment

Hospitality Industry. Marriott International, Inc - Assignment Example Liverpool is a city on the growth path. It has seen fastest growth amongst all the key cities in Great Britain between 2002 and 2003, far in excess of regional and national rates. In cultural diversity it is home to many ethnic communities, varying from Irish, Welsh, Scots, English and different religions and countries Jewish, Muslim, Hindu; Chinese, Greek, Italian, Spanish. Even people from the Caribbean, Somalia, Yemen, the Balkans and Middle East have made Liverpool their home. (http://www.liverpool.gov.uk). This diverse conglomerate of communities creates unique opportunities for attracting a wide diaspora to converge in the city during the year 2008. Liverpool has a vibrant culture, it is the original home of pop and music is supplemented by humor, writing and performing arts. It is a port city with principal traffic to the United States. Liverpool is a major regional shopping hub. (http://www.liverpool.gov.uk). A number of international retail giants as Zara and Armani have large outlets. These will be further expanded to cater for the massive influx in 2008 from European and global tourists. Thus it has a unique advantage of being a business and culture hub of Britain. This trend is being encapsulated in the concept of Capital of Culture. The central focus is on, The World in One City. The supporting themes are Create, Participate and Regenerate to be progressed by the vision of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. All this is within the overall culture strategy of the Liverpool City Council. (http://www.liverpool08.com). ... (http://www.liverpool08.com). The underlying themes of recreating history, reflecting the present and projecting the future can also be encapsulated in Marriot's philosophy of exploiting the past to sustain profits for the present and beyond. Liverpool Culture Company has been set up with a Chief Executive and a Board to manage promotion and oversee implementation of the Liverpool Capital of Culture. This will provide government and agency support for the project. The assured support of all agencies will enable its successful implementation. (http://www.liverpool08.com). Liverpool's bid for the project had been endorsed by the entire North Western Region, to include North West Development Agency, North West Arts Board, North West Sports Board, Sport England North West, the North West Tourist Board and the North West Cultural Consortium. (http://www.liverpool08.com). Marriott's culture of associate support and customer excellence will enable it to place itself in the forefront of Liverpool's successful management of the primary event, Capital of Culture in 2008. Since there is total commitment of city authorities including the Liverpool Culture Company and regional organizations, this offers synergy in implementation, which can also be exploited by Marriot affiliating with local authorities to sustain growth. Marriot has properties in Liverpool and Manchester. These can be networked to generate additional revenue during the Year 2008, as availability of hotel accommodation in Liverpool per se is likely to be at a premium. Proposed Strategic Response Marriot is essentially seen as a company focused in the United States with a network of properties in other countries. Europe receives maximum tourists every year.